Showing 9 results for esmail
Esmail Biabangard ,
Volume 4, Issue 4 (Winter 2003)
Abstract
Considering the importance of met cognition and schemas in emotional disorders, the author has reviewed the role of the activation of dysfunctional schemas in biased inferences. Moreover, the problems inherent in schema theory have been explained as it pertains to cognitive therapy. The two important aspects of met cognition include metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive memory. The role of these aspects in cognitive therapy of emotional disorders is discussed.
Gity Shams, Narges Karam Ghadiri, Yaghoob Esmaili Torkanbou , Fatemeh Rahiminejad, Narges Ebrahimkhani,
Volume 8, Issue 2 (Summer 2006)
Abstract
Objectives: In recent years, lots of research on obsessive - compulsive disorder (OCD) has attempted to identify the role of cognitions in etiology of OCD, and to determine which domains of cognitions (Responsibility and Threat estimation (RT), Perfectionism and Intolerance for uncertainty (PC), and Importance and Control of Thoughts (ICT)) underlie genesis and maintenance of OCD. The current study aimed to compare obsessive beliefs in OCD patients, non - OCD anxiety patients, and normal individuals.
Method: Three groups of subjects consisting OCD outpatients, non-OCD anxious patients, and community controls completed a demographic questionnaire, BAI, OBQ–44, MOCI, BDI-II, STAI, and Y - BOCS (in case of OCD).
Results: OCD and non - OCD anxiety groups equally scored higher than the controls on OBQ–44 and its subscales PC and RT. On ICT subscale, the OCD group scored higher than non-OCD and normal controls; non - OCD and controls did not differ significantly. Therefore, the total score on OBQ–44 can well assess the obsessive thoughts; RT and PC subscales are specific for OCD and anxiety, and ICT is specific for OCD. Means, standard deviations, and level of significance were determined for OBQ–44 items in the three study groups, and 27 items were identified to be specifically correlated with obsessive beliefs.
Conclusion: PC and RT subscales of OBQ–44 are associated with OCD and anxiety disorders, and ICT subscale is specific for OCD. The findings suggest OBQ–44 as an appropriate means of investigating the cognitive structures and content in OCD.
Giti Shams, Narges Karam Ghadiri, Yaghoob Esmaili Torkanbori, Homayon Amini, Narges Ebrahim Khani, Ali Naseri Beferoni, Hosein Payedare Ardekani,
Volume 9, Issue 4 (Winter 2008)
Abstract
Objective: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a prevalent psychiatric illness which sometimes starts during childhood and adolescence, and epidemiological studies show a high prevalence of obsessive symptoms (non-clinical obsession) among the adolescent population. Even though the concept of obsession has been discussed for many years, the diagnostic criteria for OCD has been developing in recent years and part of this is due to the fact that obsession shows a co-occurrence with other disorders.
Method: The present study was of cross-sectional descriptive type where 909 male and female secodary school students were randomly selected from the cities of Maybod and Ardakan. The subjects were assessed using Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventony (MOCI), 90 question symptom checklist (SCL-90-R), and demographic questionnaire. In the first stage all subjects completed MOCI and SCL-90-R questionnaires, and in the second stage those who had a Maudsley score higher than 15 were evaluated.
Results: The results showed that the prevalence rate of obsessive symptoms among adolescents was 11.2%.
The highest co-occurrence of obsessive symptoms was with "depressive" and "anxiety" disorders. Also, useful predictors for OCD were the levels of "aggresson", "phobia", and "somatic symptoms".
In assessing the risk factors related to obsession, no significant relationship was found between birth order, parent education, family income, age, and gender with obsessive symptoms.
Conclusion: Recent findings about the high prevalence of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in the non-clinical population can suggest that the presence of obsessive symptmoms among adolescents is a normal phenomenon and can bring about a new approach in theoretical discussions of obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Giti Shams , Hosein Kaviani, Yaghoub Esmaili Torkanbori , Narges Ebrahimkhani, Alireza Amin Manesh,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (Spring 2010)
Abstract
Objective: Evaluation of the validity of the factor structure of Persian Padua Inventory (PPI) (a measure of obsessive-compulsive phenomena) on a sample of 348 non-clinical students of Tehran University, School of Medicine.
Method: Subsequent to translating the questionnaire to Persian and its back translation to original language and final control by the author of the inventory (Burns), a pilot study based on cultural differences was carried out on twenty students. The total subjects participating in this study comprised of 348 individuals in the age range of 18-44 years. The subjects completed PPI, OCI-R, MOCI, BAI, STAI, BDI-II and demographic inventory.
Results: The factor analysis of the PPI exhibited eight factors similar but not identical to previous studies: contamination obsessions, washing compulsions, ordering compulsions, checking compulsions, obsessive thoughts about harm to self/others, obsessive thoughts about violence, obsessive impulses to harm self/others, and obsessive impulses to theft. The results of the present study indicate reliability and internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha= 0.92), Spearman splite test (0.95) and test- retest (r=0.77). We assessed the concurrent validity of the PPI in relation to the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R), and the Maudsley Obsessive- Compulsive Inventory (MOCI) and the results were 0.69 and 0.58 respectively.
Conclusion: In correlation with its original version, the PPI is a relatively reliable and valid questionnaire in Iran.
Kazem Barzegar Bafrooee, Esmail Sahdipoor,
Volume 14, Issue 1 (Spring 2012)
Abstract
Objective: : The main purpose of this research was planning and fitting the structural model of the relationships between epistemological beliefs, academic self-efficacy, metacognitive self-regulation and deep-processing variables with high school students’ academic performance.
Method: : For this purpose, a sample of 400 students was used to determine the validity and reliability of the instruments in the primary stage. To test the hypothesis in the main stage of the research, the sample included 700 high school students, who were randomly selected using multiple-stage sampling. For assessing research variables, scales, and questionnaires, such as Bayless’s Epistemological Beliefs Questionnaire (EBQ), academic self- efficacy and self regulation subscales (derived from MSLQ) and deep-processing strategy subscale (derived from SPQ) were used. Data were analyzed using Structural Equations Analysis.
Results: The findings provided a robust support for the hypothesized structural relationships. In general, the results indicated that epistemological beliefs could directly and indirectly affect students’ academic performance with the mediating effects of academic self-efficacy and metacognitive selfregulation strategy.
Conclusion: The findings demonstrated that students' enhanced epistemological beliefs could improve their academic self-efficacy, self-regulation strategy and, subsequently, academic performance.
Zahra Jafari, Maryam Aghamollaei1, Reyhaneh Toufan, Mahdiyeh Esmaili1, Shadi Rahimzadeh, Saeed Asadmalayeri,
Volume 14, Issue 1 (Spring 2012)
Abstract
Objective: The effects of handedness and sex were studied by Bergen Dichotic listening test that measures both divided and selective attentions.
Method: Persian version of the Bergen dichotic listening test was used to evaluate non-forced attention, attention to right and attention to left ears on 75 young adults including 54 right-handed and 21 left handed individuals with normal hearing in age range of 18 to 30 years old.
Results: Right ear advantage (REA) with mean score of 78.4% and 94.7% in the two conditions of non-forced attention and attention to the right ear, and left ear advantage (LEA) with mean score of 81.3% in attention to the left ear were obtained. Sex had no effect on the results, but significant difference was found between right and left hand people in non-forced attention and attention to the right (p<0.029).
Conclusion:Top-down processing of brain cortex in selective attention modulated bottom-up processing in divided attention task by change of right ear advantage. Our results showed the application of Bergen dichotic listening test to evaluate auditory attention, language laterality and handedness.
Zahra Jafari, Reyhaneh Toufan, Maryam Aghamollaei, Saeed Asad Malayeri, Shadi Rahimzadeh, Mahdiyeh Esmaili,
Volume 14, Issue 3 (Autumn 2012)
Abstract
Objective: Occupational noise is one of the major causes of hearing loss and tinnitus. In the present study, the effect of occupational noise-induced tinnitus on auditory attention was investigated.
Method: A sample of 42 man, all workers, ages 40 to 56, participated in the study in three groups of workers with hearing loss, hearing loss and tinnitus, and normal hearing. Workers in two first groups had a long history of working in environments with excessive noise, and third group was matched control workers with normal hearing. For all subjects the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Bergen dichotic listening test were performed in identical conditions.
Results: In all three conditions of attention, including non-forced, forced right, and forced left attentions, right ear advantage (REA) was lower in tinnitus and hearing loss group than the two other groups. The difference between the tinnitus and hearing loss groups and the control group was significant in the non-forced attention condition (p<0.047). Furthermore, both groups had poorer result in the MSSE test compared to the control group (p<0.025).
Conclusion: Our study revealed effect of noiseinduced tinnitus on selective and divided auditory attention. It seems that tinnitus is affects both both bottom- up and top-down processing of speech stimuli.
Mina Esmail, Hasan Ashayerih, Mahnaz Esteki,
Volume 19, Issue 1 (Spring 2017)
Abstract
Objective: Critical thinking can be attributed to high levels of Bloom’s cognitive (analysis and evaluation )and due to the rapid changes taking place in communities, our students need to competencies that they can move beyond the content of books and evaluate and analyze information available. The aim of this study was to evaluated the effect of computer games on improving Critical Thinking of high school students. In this research, the sample group was available.
Method: This was done as a quasi – experimental method with pre- test – post- test design and control group. In this study, students were divided into control and experimental group(15 persons in two groups). They played ‘’Civilization 5” game, for 12 weeks (2 sessions per week for an hour). Data were analyzed using ANCOVA test, and Charts.
Results: The result showed that the improvement critical thinking of the students in the experimental group was sig- nificantly better than that of the students in the control group.
Conclusion: computer games can improve critical thinking in experimental group.
Zahra Esmailyan, Mohammad Ali Rahmani, Taher Tizdast,
Volume 25, Issue 1 (Spring 2023)
Abstract
Introduction
Chronic increase in blood sugar is responsible for the major cause of acute short-term and long-term complications of this disease, affectingall systems and organs of the body. Diabetes affects the production or use of insulin in the body. The increasing the prevalence of diabetes is due to continuous changes in lifestyle, such as poor diet, physical inactivity, obesity and stress, which are often associated with urbanization, mechanization, and industrialization. Chronic increase in blood sugar is responsible for the major acute short-term and long-term complications of the disease, affecting all body systems' ogans.
Methods
The present study was a semi-experimental study in which a pre-test and post-test design with a control group was used in the present study. All patients with type II diabetes were referred to the Iranian Diabetes Association in Tehran during January to May 2020. The sampling method in this study was available and goal-based sampling. According to Basa (1995), changes were observed inthe average HbA1c before and three months after an intervention program at the rate of (8.8-7.1=1.7) and for deviation. The assistant calculated the amount (2.2) (α=0.05 and β=0.2), and the volume of Monet was calculated for15 people using the Cohen formula. After approving the proposal and obtaining a written license from the Educational Deputy of Tonekabon University, the researcher referred to the Association of Diabetic Patients in Tehran province. While introducing themselves and expressing the purpose of the research, patients who were eligible to participate (specified taxes) were identified. The patients were harmonized in terms of age, education, and marital status so that there was an ability to compare the two groups, and the confounding factors decreased as much as possible. Then, both patients were randomly matched in double blocks, the treatment group was allocated based on acceptance and commitment, and the group without control group training was assigned. After obtaining written and verbal consent from participants, Mullah, who entered the age of 30-55 years, had type 2 diabetes; based on ADA evidence, for at least six months, he was diagnosed by a specialist. Higher education rate than cycle, no acute or chronic medical disease that causes problems in bloodletting, it is necessary for subjects to perform psychotherapy programs and change medications during the research. This study used no educational or treatment interventions. Exclusion criteria included other types of diabetes and severe diabetic complications that limited the study. Lack of cooperation and weekly task were the other criteria. At the beginning of the study, demographic information questionnaires, adherence to the treatment scale of self-care activities, and self-regulation scale (pre-test) were provided to patients. The mentioned interventions were performed in eight group sessions, one session per 40-minute weekly (for the experimental group only), and the training period was two months. The ninth session was performed again from experimental and post-test groups. After three months, follow-up was performed in both groups. In addition, in order to re-establish the questionnaires used in the present study, the mentioned questionnaires were checked again on thirty test items.
Results
The assumption of homogeneity of error variance was investigated using the Loon test. The results of this analysis revealed that this assumption was not established for self-care components (P>0.05) and hemoglobin (P<0.05). The results of multivariate tests showed that providing acceptance-based therapy and self-compassion-based commitment in group factor (Pillais trace=0.971, F=210/108, P<0.001, ƞ2=0.971) and in time factor (Pillais trace=0.987, F=194/589, P<0.001, ƞ2=0.987) and interactive effect of time and group (Pillais trace=0.982, F=146/805, P<0.001, ƞ2=0.982) were significant. These results showed that the intervention of the treatment model is based on acceptance and commitment to the studied dimensions. The results of the intergroup effect test to investigate the effects on each dimension under study indicated that in the control and experimental groups, the variable self-care (P<0.001, F=561.086) and glycosylated hemoglobin (F). There was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups (P<0.001, F=304.953), and the comparison of the means indicated an increase in the mean of self-care and a decrease in hemoglobin in the experimental group compared to the control group. Furthermore, the results of the intragroup effect test to compare the groups during the test stages showed that the effect of time factor for self-care variables (FGG1/28=251/648, P<0.001, ƞ2=0.834), glycosylated hemoglobin (FGG1/73=87/455, P<0.001, ƞ2=0.636) was significant. The results of this study demonstrated that the intervention based on acceptance and commitment therapy was effective on the dimensions studied in the experimental group compared to the control group, and comparing the means of the two groups in the post-test and follow-up stages indicated the stability of the effect of the intervention in the experimental group.
Conclusion
The more people control and level their life environment, particularly stressful life conditions, the more their sense of inner satisfaction, self-efficacy and self-confidence, and psychological well-being are more desirable, unlike those who suffer from diabetes due to stressful life situations, since they lack cognitive and behavioral skills in controlling stressful events, they usually hesitate to see doubts. They look at their ability and are always concerned about other people's negative evaluations of themselves and their behaviors. Therefore, reducing stress, anxiety, and depression in physical, mental, and social dimensions is one of the crucial treatment goals.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
All subjects received information about the research. They were assured that all information would remain confidential and only be used for research. The subjects’ specifications were not recorded to respect privacy. In the end, all of them were conveniently satisfied. This research has received the Code of Ethics from the Ethics Committee of the Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon branch, with the number IR.IAU.K.REC.1398.021.
Authors’ contributions
Zahra Esmailyan and Mohammad Ali Rahmani: Involved in selecting the subject, the study design, and the definition of concepts. All authors searched literature and research background. Zahra Esmailyan: Collecting and analyzing data. Taher Tizdast: Writing and preparing a draft. All the authors discussed the results and participated in the article's final version.
Funding
No financial assistance has been received from any organization.
Acknowledgments The authors sincerely appreciate the Research Deputy of the Islamic Azad University of Tonekabon, and all employees of the Iranian Diabetes Association, and patients assisting in the project.
Conflict of Interest
This study did not have any conflict for the authors.
