Introduction: Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability which has significant burden on worldwide health systems. Stroke can quickly cause nerve damage; whether mild to severe. This is mainly caused by lack of blood flow to the brain, but the brain is affected by stroke beyond initial injury and including complex types of devastating diseases such as: Alzheimer's disease, depression and cognitive impairment. Many studies have been conducted on cognitive impairment associated with stroke. The development problem of cognitive decline may be even more important than the stroke, such that, cognitive impairment after a stroke is affected more than one-third of stroke survivors. The purpose of this study is to introduce some risk factors and susceptible brain regions involved in cognitive impairment after cerebral stroke and provide solutions to prevent these disorders. Method: This research is a review type. To achieve the objectives, the analytical method and documentary studies were used. Results:  It seems that firm conclusions about the main factors involved in the stroke isn’t certain; however, the disruption of blood flow in vessels, hypoxia, stenosis, high blood pressure and bleeding, aging, family history, genetic diversity and recurrent stroke are key factors for cognitive dysfunction. Changes in the small blood vessels in the brain after breaching the blood-brain barrier (BBB), lack of local tissue blood and nerve atrophy are the main factors for neuropathology of dementia. Conclusion: controlling risk factors is essential to reducing the burden of cognitive impairment after a stroke. Also, the elucidation of mechanisms involved in cognitive disorders after brain injury can be effective strategies in relieving symptoms and to prevention strategies.