Advances in Cognitive Sciences
تازه های علوم شناختی
Advances in Cognitive Sciences
Literature & Humanities
http://icssjournal.ir
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10.30514/icss
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2024
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مطالعه مهارتهای واژگانیمعنایی بزرگسالان مبتلا به اتیسم فارسیزبان بر پایه پروتکل ارزیابی مهارتهای ارتباطی مونترال
Study of lexical-semantic skills of Persian-speaking adults with autism spectrum disorder based on the Persian version of Montreal Protocol for the evaluation of communication
فلسفه ذهن و زبان شناسی شناختی
گزارش موردی
case report
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:right 446.7pt"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span lang="FA" style="font-family:"B Titr"">مقدمه:</span><span lang="FA" style="font-family:"B Nazanin""> پژوهشهای مختلفی نشان دادهاند که بیماران مبتلا به طیف اتیسم در کودکی از نظر معنایی دچار آسیبهای فراوان هستند. مطالعاتی نیز هستند که نشان دادهاند این آسیبها در بزگسالان مبتلا به اتیسم هم دیده میشوند.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:right 446.7pt"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span lang="FA" style="font-family:"B Titr"">روش کار:</span><span lang="FA" style="font-family:"B Nazanin""> پژوهش حاضر با هدف ارزیابی و شناسایی اختلالات واژگانی</span><span lang="FA" style="font-family:"Cambria",serif">_</span><span lang="FA" style="font-family:"B Nazanin"">معنایی در بین بیماران مبتلا به اتیسم بزرگسال فارسیزبان انجام شد. به منظور بررسی این تواناییها از چهار خردهآزمون روانی گفتار (بدون محدودیت)، روانی گفتار (با معیار آوایی [ب])، روانی گفتار (با معیار معنایی </span>-<span style="font-family:"B Nazanin""> پوشاک)، و قضاوت معنایی نسخه فارسی پروتکل ارزیابی مهارتهای ارتباطی مونترال (رقیبدوست و همکاران، 1402) استفاده شد. در این پژوهش 13 مرد فارسیزبان مبتلا به طیف اتیسم حضور داشتند که سن آنان بین 25 تا 44 سال (میانگین 32/84، انحراف معیار 4/17) و سطح تحصیلاتشان از سوم ابتدایی تا 20 سال سابقه آموزش رسمی بود. گروه کنترل نیز شامل 26 مرد سالم فارسیزبان بود که از نظر سنی و سطح تحصیل با بیماران طیف اتیسم همتا شده بودند. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:right 446.7pt"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span lang="FA" style="font-family:"B Titr"">یافته­ها:</span><span lang="FA" style="font-family:"B Nazanin""> نتایج پژوهش حاضر نشان داد که گروه بیماران در هر چهار خردهآزمون روانی گفتار بدون محدودیت (0/003</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">P</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family:"B Nazanin"">)، روانی گفتار با معیار آوایی ب (0/004</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">P</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family:"B Nazanin"">)، روانی گفتار با معیار معنایی پوشاک (0/0001</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">P</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family:"B Nazanin"">)، و قضاوت معنایی (0/014</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%">P</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family:"B Nazanin"">)، عملکرد بسیار ضعیفتری نسبت به افراد سالم گروه کنترل داشتند و مهارتهای واژگانی</span><span lang="FA" style="font-family:"Cambria",serif">_</span><span lang="FA" style="font-family:"B Nazanin"">معنایی آنان دچار اختلال بود. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="tab-stops:right 446.7pt"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span lang="FA" style="font-family:"B Titr"">نتیجه­گیری:</span><span lang="FA" style="font-family:"B Nazanin""> نتایج پژوهش حاضر میتواند هم برای ارزیابی و هم درمان در مراکز توانبخشی و هم مراکز دانشگاهی و پژوهشی مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b>Introduction</b></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Studies of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), a condition marked by deficits in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors, highlight the intricate relationship between language and the brain. First described by Leo Kanner and Hans Asperger, ASD encompasses a spectrum of abilities, ranging from individuals with severe cognitive impairments to those with high intelligence but persistent social and communication challenges. Language development varies widely, with some individuals remaining nonverbal while others face subtle linguistic difficulties.</span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Autism prevalence has increased significantly, with recent estimates indicating rates of 1 in 36 children, disproportionately affecting boys. Language deficits in ASD span pragmatic, lexical-semantic, prosodic, and discourse abilities. For linguistic assessments, protocols like the P.M.E.C. evaluate these skills, aiding in diagnosis and intervention strategies. Studies show individuals with ASD exhibit delays in language acquisition, reduced vocabulary, and difficulties in understanding idiomatic expressions, Gricean principles, and word-sentence coherence.</span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Comparative studies reveal that linguistic challenges in ASD are consistent across languages and populations. Research highlights atypical semantic networks, local processing bias, and challenges in semantic clustering, particularly in abstract categories like fruits. Despite these challenges, visual aids, imitation, and repetition can support language learning in individuals with ASD.</span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Assessment using P.M.E.C. has extended beyond ASD to include individuals with brain damage, showing varying impacts of right and left hemisphere damage on linguistic abilities. Insights from such studies inform interventions tailored to improve the language and cognitive abilities of individuals with ASD.</span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:106%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b>Methods</b></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Participants</span></span></b><br>
<span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">This quantitative study employed an experimental design to assess language disorders in Persian-speaking adults with autism. In 2021,</span></span> <span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">participants were recruited purposefully from speech therapy centers, the Tehran Autism Society, exceptional education centers, and the Tehran Welfare Organization, Iran. These centers provided access to individuals diagnosed with autism during childhood or adolescence, aged 25 to 44. After initial screening and applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 13 adults with autism were selected.</span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:106%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:106%">Inclusion Criteria:</span></span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:106%"></span></span></span></span></span>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="tab-stops:list 21.3pt .5in"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"></span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Native Persian speakers aged 25-44 years.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="tab-stops:list 21.3pt .5in"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"></span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Autism diagnosis confirmed through clinical records.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:106%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:106%">Exclusion Criteria:</span></span></b></span></span></span>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="tab-stops:list 21.3pt .5in"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"></span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">History of psychiatric or neurological disorders other than autism.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="tab-stops:list 21.3pt .5in"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"></span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Alcoholism or uncorrected hearing/vision impairments.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="tab-stops:list 21.3pt .5in"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"></span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Left hemisphere brain damage.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="tab-stops:list 21.3pt .5in"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"></span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Previous participation in speech therapy sessions.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">The final sample included 13 males with autism, aged 25-44 (mean age=32.84, SD=4.17), with varying educational levels from primary school to postgraduate degrees.</span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">To ensure valid comparisons, a control group of 26 individuals without brain injury was matched with the autism group based on age, gender, city of residence, native language, and educational background (Table 1).</span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:106%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:106%">Table 1. The demographics of the autism group are summarized below</span></span></span></span></span>
<table align="center" class="TableGrid1" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none">
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:40px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Row</span></b></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:37px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Age</span></b></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:117px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Education</span></b></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:161px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Occupation</span></b></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:109px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Age at Diagnosis</span></b></span></span></td>
</tr>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:40px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">1</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:37px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">31</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:117px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">9th Grade</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:161px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Café Worker</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:109px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">5 years old</span></span></span></td>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:40px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">2</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:37px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">41</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:117px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">9th Grade</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:161px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Restaurant Delivery</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:109px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">3 years old</span></span></span></td>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:40px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">3</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:37px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">32</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:117px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Technical Diploma</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:161px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Copy Machine Technician</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:109px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">4 years old</span></span></span></td>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:40px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">4</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:37px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">26</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:117px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">4th Grade</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:161px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Carpenter's Apprentice</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:109px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">5 years old</span></span></span></td>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:40px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">5</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:37px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">32</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:117px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">9th Grade</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:161px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Janitor</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:109px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">3 years old</span></span></span></td>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:40px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">6</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:37px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">36</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:117px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">9th Grade</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:161px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Pet Trainer</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:109px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">6 years old</span></span></span></td>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:40px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">7</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:37px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">30</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:117px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Master’s Degree</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:161px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Private Company Engineer</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:109px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">7 years old</span></span></span></td>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:40px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">8</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:37px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">29</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:117px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">7th Grade</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:161px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Building Painter</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:109px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">6 years old</span></span></span></td>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:40px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">9</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:37px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">26</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:117px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">10th Grade</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:161px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Café Worker</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:109px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">3 years old</span></span></span></td>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:40px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">10</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:37px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">41</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:117px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Bachelor’s Degree</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:161px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Art Teacher</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:109px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">5.2 years old</span></span></span></td>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:40px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">11</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:37px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">39</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:117px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">7th Grade</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:161px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Restaurant Kitchen Worker</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:109px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">4 years old</span></span></span></td>
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<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:40px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">12</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:37px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">27</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:117px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Master’s Degree</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:161px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Librarian</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:109px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">3 years old</span></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:40px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">13</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:37px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">37</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:117px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">5th Grade</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:161px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Construction Worker</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:109px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">5 years old</span></span></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">This study’s carefully selected sample and matched control group ensure a robust comparison of language abilities in individuals with autism.</span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:106%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:106%">Tools</span></span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:106%"></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:106%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:106%">The Montreal Protocol for the P.M.E.C.<span style="color:red"></span></span></span></b></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">The P.M.E.C., designed in 2004 by Joanette et al. (12), is a comprehensive tool for assessing communication skills, particularly in individuals with right hemisphere damage. It evaluates four key linguistic abilities: Discursive,<b> </b>pragmatic, lexical-semantic<b>,</b> and prosodic skills<b>.</b> The protocol comprises 14 tasks and has been standardized in multiple languages, including Persian, as of 2023. This study focused on four specific subtests of the P.M.E.C. to assess lexical-semantic skills in Persian-speaking adults with autism:</span></span></span></span></span>
<ol>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:106%"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"></span><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:106%">Verbal Fluency (Free)</span></span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:106%"></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:106%"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"></span><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:106%">Verbal Fluency (Orthographic: b)</span></span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:106%"></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:106%"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"></span><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:106%">Verbal Fluency (Semantic: Clothes)</span></span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:106%"></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:106%"><span style="tab-stops:list .5in"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"></span><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:106%">Semantic Judgment</span></span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:106%"></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ol>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:106%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:106%">Subtest Descriptions</span></span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:106%">:</span></span></span></span></span>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="tab-stops:list 21.3pt .5in"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"></span></span><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Verbal Fluency (Free):</span></span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"> Evaluates general lexical-semantic memory access by asking participants to generate as many words as possible in 150 seconds without constraints.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="tab-stops:list 21.3pt .5in"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"></span></span><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Verbal Fluency (Orthographic: b):</span></span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"> Assesses phonemic word retrieval within 120 seconds, requiring words starting with the letter "B."</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="tab-stops:list 21.3pt .5in"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"></span></span><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Verbal Fluency (Semantic: Clothes):</span></span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"> Tests word retrieval based on the semantic clothing category within 120 seconds.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="tab-stops:list 21.3pt .5in"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"></span></span><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Semantic Judgment:</span></span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"> Examines the ability to recognize and explain semantic relationships between word pairs.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Procedure</span></span></b><br>
<span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Participants were recruited through relevant organizations, and clinical specialists confirmed their autism diagnosis. Following consent, the P.M.E.C<b> </b>subtests were administered in workplaces or homes, using a SONY Stereo IC Recorder to ensure accurate data collection. Each session lasted approximately 20 minutes.</span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Results</span></span></b><br>
<span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Table 2. Results of comparing the two groups using the paired t-test (parametric test) showed significant differences between the autism group and controls across all subtests, highlighting impairments in lexical-semantic skills among individuals with autism:</span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Table 2. Results of comparing the two groups using the paired t-test (parametric test)</span></span></span></span></span>
<table align="center" class="TableGrid1" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Subtest</span></b></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt">P-value</span></b></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Verbal Fluency (Free)</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">0.003</span></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Verbal Fluency (Orthographic: b)</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">0.004</span></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Verbal Fluency (Semantic: Clothes)</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">0.000</span></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Semantic Judgment</span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">0.014</span></span></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<ol>
<li style="margin-top:16px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:106%"><span style="tab-stops:list 21.3pt .5in"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"></span><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:106%">Impaired Communication Skills in Autism</span></span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:106%"></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ol>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Consistent with prior research (e.g<span style="color:red">., </span><span style="color:black">Karami 2011 (15), Howlin 2003 (23); Friedman and Sterling 2019 (32))</span>, the study found significant communication impairments in Persian-speaking adults with autism. Notably, moderate to severe deficits were observed in three subtests (38% impairment in Verbal Fluency [Free], 61% in Verbal Fluency [Semantic: Clothes], and 46% in Semantic Judgment). </span></span></span></span></span>
<ol start="2">
<li style="margin-bottom:11px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="tab-stops:list 21.3pt .5in"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"></span><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Relatively Better Performance in Phonemic Tasks</span></span></b><br>
<span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Participants performed better in the Verbal fluency (Orthographic: b) task (0% impairment), likely due to the reliance on formal phonemic cues rather than semantic retrieval.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:106%"><span style="tab-stops:list 21.3pt .5in"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"></span><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:106%">Comparative Findings with Prior Research</span></span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:106%"></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<ul style="list-style-type:circle">
<li style="margin-bottom:11px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="tab-stops:list 21.3pt 1.0in"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"></span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Similar deficits in vocabulary and comprehension have been noted in adults with high-functioning autism and Asperger’s syndrome <span style="color:black">(23).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom:11px; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="tab-stops:list 21.3pt 1.0in"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"></span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Differences in performance across semantic categories (e.g., animals vs. clothing) align with findings by <span style="color:black">Foldager et al. (2023), emphasizing variability in task-specific experiences (30).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:106%"><span style="tab-stops:list 21.3pt .5in"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"></span><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:106%">Theoretical and Clinical Implications</span></span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:106%"></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ol>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">The impairments in lexical-semantic tasks reinforce the need for targeted therapeutic interventions focusing on vocabulary development and semantic relationships. Improving these skills can significantly enhance communication abilities and overall quality of life for individuals with autism.</span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:106%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:106%"></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Conclusion</span></span></b><br>
<span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">This study highlights the importance of addressing lexical-semantic skill deficits in autistic Persian-speaking adults. The findings underscore the need for tailored rehabilitation programs and provide valuable insights for academic, clinical, and research applications.</span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="background:yellow"></span></b></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b>Ethical Considerations</b></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Compliance with ethical guidelines </span></span></b></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">The research plan was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Iran University of Medical Sciences (approved number: IR.IUMS.REC.1398.416). Individuals with autism participated in the study after obtaining informed consent. The research objectives were explained, their identity information remained confidential, and they had the right to withdraw at any study stage.</span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"></span></span></b></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Authors’ contributions</span></span></b></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Topic selection, conceptualization, research design, and resource collection: Shahed Zandiehrad and Shahla Raghibdoust. Implementation, writing, and draft preparation: Shahed Zandiehrad. Data analysis and processing: Shahed Zandiehrad and Shahla Raghibdoust. Review and editing: Mohammad Taghi Joghatai and Arsalan Golfam. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the article.</span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"></span></span></b></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Funding</span></span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">No financial support was received from any institution or organization for this research.</span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Acknowledgments</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"></span></span></b></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">This research is extracted from the first author’s doctoral dissertation at the Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran. We sincerely appreciate all those who assisted the authors in conducting this study.</span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:14.0pt"></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:106%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:106%">Conflict of interest</span></span></b></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:106%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="line-height:106%">The authors declared no conflict of interest.</span></span></span></span></span><br>
اختلال طیف اتیسم, پروتکل ارزیابی مهارتهای ارتباطی مونترال, مهارتهای واژگانی_معنایی, اختلالات واژگانی_معنایی, روانی گفتار
Autism spectrum disorder, P.M.E.C. protocol, Lexical-semantic skills, Verbal fluency, Semantic judgment
102
116
http://icssjournal.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1964-1&slc_lang=fa&sid=1
Shahed
Zandiehrad
شاهد
زندیه راد
100319475328460018146
0009-0004-0698-3383
No
PhD Candidate in Linguistics, Science and Research University, Tehran, Iran
دانشجوی دکتری تخصصی زبانشناسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
Shahla
Raghibdoust
شهلا
رقیب دوست
sraghibdoust@atu.ac.ir
100319475328460018147
100319475328460018147
Yes
Department of General Linguistics, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
دانشیار گروه زبان شناسی همگانی دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی، تهران، ایران
Mohammad Taghi
Joghataei
محمد تقی
جغتایی
100319475328460018148
100319475328460018148
No
Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
استاد گروه آناتومی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران
Arsalan
Golfam
ارسلان
گلفام
100319475328460018149
100319475328460018149
No
Department of Linguistics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
دانشیار گروه زبانشناسی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران