Advances in Cognitive Sciences
تازه های علوم شناختی
Advances in Cognitive Sciences
Literature & Humanities
http://icssjournal.ir
1
admin
1561-4174
2783-073x
10.30514/icss
fa
jalali
1402
10
1
gregorian
2024
1
1
25
4
online
1
fulltext
fa
مدل ساختاری نقش راهبردهای تنظیم شناختی هیجان با میانجیگری ادراک استعاری زمان در پیشبینی رفتار پرخطر نوجوانان
The structural model of the role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies with the mediation of time metaphorical perception in predicting risky behavior in adolescents
فلسفه ذهن و زبان شناسی شناختی
پژوهشي اصیل
Research
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height:2;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"B Titr"">مقدمه</span></span></b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"B Titr"">:</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"B Nazanin""> در تنظیم شناختی هیجان و رفتارهای پرخطر در نوجوانان ادراک زمان نقش بازی میکند. از این رو، هدف این مطالعه </span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"B Nazanin"">تعیین روابط ساختاری بین تنظیم شناختی هیجان با رفتار پرخطر نوجوانان با نقش میانجی ادراک استعاری زمان بود. </span></span><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"B Nazanin""></span></span></b></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"B Titr"">روش کار:</span></span></b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"B Nazanin""> روش این مطالعه همبستگی به روش معادلات ساختاری بود. جامعه آماری شامل نوجوانان شهر تهران از مهر 1401 تا خرداد 1402 بود. بدین منظور، از بین نوجوانان شهر تهران </span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"B Nazanin"">به</span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"B Nazanin"">صورت نمونهگیری در دسترس 400 نفر انتخاب شدند. شرکتکنندگان </span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"B Nazanin"">پرسشنامههای خطرپذیری نوجوانان، ادراک استعاری زمان و تنظیم شناختی هیجان را تکمیل کردند. برای تحلیل دادههای توصیفی از نرمافزار</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">SPSS-26</span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"B Nazanin"">و برای ارزیابی دستیابی به مدل برازششده از نرمافزار </span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">AMOS-8.8</span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"B Nazanin"">استفاده شد. </span></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"B Titr"">یافتهها:</span></span></b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"B Nazanin""> نتایج نشان داد؛ مدل مورد مطالعه از برازش مناسب برخوردار است و مدل تحلیلی رابطه بین راهبردهای تنظیم شناختی هیجان با رفتار پرخطر نوجوانان با نقش میانجی ادراک استعاری زمان معنادار است. از طرفی، با افزایش راهبرد تنظیم شناختی هیجان منفی، ادراک استعاری زمان نوجوانان کمتر میشود و همچنین با افزایش راهبرد تنظیم شناختی هیجان مثبت، ادراک استعاری زمان نوجوانان بیشتر میشود. </span></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"B Titr"">نتیجهگیری:</span></span></b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"B Nazanin""> بر این اساس میتوان نتیجه گرفت؛ در تنظیم شناختی هیجان نوجوانان با رفتارهای پرخطر آنها، درک زمان به صورت استعاری میتواند نقش میانجی بازی کند. از این رو، روان­شناسان رشدی که در حوزه نوجوانی مطالعه میکنند، باید به درک زمان به صورت استعاری همراه با تنظیم شناختی هیجان و مولفههای آن توجه کنند. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br>
</div>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Introduction </span></b></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Due to puberty, adolescents seek self-discovery, and some adolescents may not have stable mental states, which may lead to risky behaviors. Cognitive emotion regulation is an essential factor in the emergence of high-risk behaviors as a protective role, and its maladaptive aspect is a contributing factor. According to previous studies, there is a relationship between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and high-risk behaviors. Adolescents with more problems in regulating their emotions have more maladaptive behaviors (9). Language is the primary tool through which people can share their views and thoughts. Cognitive linguists such as Lakoff and Johnson believe that language reflects the human mind and operates based on the same coherent pattern as the rest of human cognitive functions (12). In cognitive linguistics, conceptual metaphors, as its main part, are mental or abstract domains by which mental concepts are conceptualized and are considered an inter-domain mapping in the human conceptual system. Therefore, mapping or metaphorical connection is the core of metaphor that matches the source domains with the target domains (</span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">15</span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">). Like any other abstract conceptual domain, time has a metaphorical nature, requiring source domains such as objects, places, paths, spaces, and the like to understand it (27). Therefore, this study aims to examine the fit of the model for predicting adolescents’ risky behavior based on cognitive emotion regulation strategies with the mediating role of time metaphorical perception.</span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Methods</span></b></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">This correlation study used the structural equation method. The statistical population was the adolescents of Tehran from September 2022 to May 2023. For this purpose, 400 adolescents were selected by available sampling. The participants completed the Risk Perception, Time Metaphorical Perception, and Cognitive Emotion Regulation questionnaires. The SPSS-26 software was used for descriptive data analyses, and AMOS-8.8 software was used to evaluate the fitted model.</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Risk Perception Questionnaire</span></b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">:</span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> This questionnaire, created by Zademohammadi, and has 38 items. It is scored using a Likert scale consisting of 5 options (Completely disagree=1 and Completely agree=5).</span> <span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">This questionnaire includes the following subscales: drug tendency, alcohol tendency, smoking tendency, violence tendency, opposite sex intimacy tendency, and risky driving tendency (29). The Cronbach’s alpha for the whole scale was 0.94.</span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Time Metaphorical Perception Questionnaire</span></b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">: This questionnaire was designed by Raiisi and Moghadsin designed this questionnaire, which has 30 items and three subscales of matter, place, and object. Cronbach’s alpha was reported as 0.89 for the entire questionnaire (30).</span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a name="_Hlk148859985"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Cognitive Emotion Regulation</span></b></a><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Questionnaire</span></b><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">: </span></b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">This questionnaire was designed by Garnefski et al. and has 18 items. This questionnaire aims to measure the nine subscales of cognitive emotion regulation (self-blame, acceptance, rumination, positive refocusing, refocusing on planning, positive reappraisal, perspective-taking, catastrophizing, and blaming others) (7).</span> <span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Garnefski, et al. obtained the reliability of this questionnaire by using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient equal to 0.91, 0.87, and 0.93, respectively (7). In Iran, in the study of Pazuki et al., the validity of the questionnaire was examined by correlating the total score with the scores of the questionnaire’s subscales, which ranged from 0.40 to 0.68, with an average of 0.56 (31).</span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Results </span></b></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Demographic data indicated that in terms of gender, 68.25% of the participants were girls, and 31.75% were boys.</span> <span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Pearson’s correlation findings demonstrated a negative and significant correlation between positive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and time metaphorical perception with risky behavior. In another word, a positive and significant correlation exists between negative cognitive emotion regulation and risky behavior. Table 1 presents the variables’ mean, standard deviation, and correlation matrix.</span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Table 1</span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">. Descriptive statistics and correlation matrix of research variables</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<table align="center" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:252px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Variable </span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:72px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Mean </span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:60px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">SD</span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">1</span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:59px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">2</span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:49px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">3</span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:44px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">4</span></span></span></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:252px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Risky behavior 1</span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:72px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">105.3</span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:60px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">11.06</span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">1</span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:59px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:49px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:44px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:252px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Positive cognitive emotion regulation strategies 2</span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:72px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">28.80</span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:60px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">7.21</span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">-0.54<sup>*</sup></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:59px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">1</span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:49px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:44px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:252px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies 3</span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:72px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">18.69</span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:60px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">5.35</span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">-0.77<sup>**</sup></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:59px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">-0.46<sup>**</sup></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:49px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">1</span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:44px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"></span></span></span></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:252px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Time metaphorical perception 4</span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:72px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">98.15</span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:60px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">17.51</span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:66px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">-0.38<sup>**</sup></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:59px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">0.55<sup>**</sup></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:49px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">0.43<sup>**</sup></span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:44px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">1</span></span></span></span></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">In the obtained model, the indices of (RMSEA), (GFI), and (CFI) are equal to 0.04, 0.84, and 0.91, respectively. Also, the model has a suitable fit;</span> <span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">in other words, the appropriateness of the fit indices indicates the conformity of statistical data with the model of the relationship between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and adolescents’ risky behavior with the mediating role of time metaphorical perception. Table 2 shows the fit indices of the model of the relationship between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and adolescents’ risky behaviors with the mediating role of time’s metaphorical perception.</span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Table 2</span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">. The results of fit indices of the model </span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<table align="center" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:165px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Indices </span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:72px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">CFI</span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:41px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">GFI</span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:62px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">AGFI</span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:53px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">PNFI</span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:63px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">RMSEA</span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:67px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">X<sup>2</sup>/df</span></span></span></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:165px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Obtained values</span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:72px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">0.91</span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:41px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">0.84</span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:62px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">0.88</span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:53px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">0.56</span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:63px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">0.04</span></span></span></span></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:67px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:17px; border-top:none; border-right:none; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">1.65</span></span></span></span></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Figure 1.</span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Model of the relationship between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and risky behavior of adolescents with the mediating role of time metaphorical perception</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Conclusion</span></b></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">The results of this study showed that the time metaphoric perception has a mediating role between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and risky behavior in adolescents. In summary, by increasing the negative cognitive emotion regulation strategy, the risky behavior of adolescents increases, and by increasing the positive cognitive emotion regulation strategy, adolescents’ risky behavior decreases. The main limitation of this study was that the sample was limited to adolescents from several districts of Tehran. Therefore, it is suggested that psychologists and psychotherapists use the results of this study in their therapeutic approaches and investigations for future studies. </span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Ethical Considerations</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Compliance with ethical guidelines</span></b></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">This study strictly followed all ethical guidelines, including obtaining informed consent from participants and ensuring their confidentiality. Participants were also free to withdraw from the study at any point. </span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Authors’ contributions</span></b></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">This study is taken from the second author’s master’s thesis, which was carried out under the supervision of the first author. The first author was involved in selecting the topic, research design, data analysis, and writing the article, and the second author was involved in the data collection and analysis.</span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Funding</span></b></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">This study did not receive specific grants or financial support.</span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Acknowledgments </span></b></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">The authors express their gratitude to all the teenagers who participated in this study.</span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Conflicts of interest</span></b></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">There is no conflict of interest between the authors of this article.</span></span></span></span></span>
تنظیم شناختی هیجان, ادراک استعاری زمان, رفتار پرخطر نوجوانان
Cognitive emotion regulation, Risky behavior of adolescents, Time metaphorical perception
173
184
http://icssjournal.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1790-1&slc_lang=fa&sid=1
Fatteme
Raiisi
فاطمه
رئیسی
Elhamaraiisi@gmail.com
100319475328460016724
100319475328460016724
Yes
. PhD in Cognitive Science of Language, Cognitive Science of Language Department, Institute of Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran
دکتری علوم شناختی زبان، موسسه آموزش عالی شناختی، تهران، ایران
Sara
Derakhshan Hooreh
سارا
درخشان هوره
100319475328460016725
100319475328460016725
No
MA in General Psychology, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Saveh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Saveh, Iran
کارشناس ارشد روانشناسی عمومی، گروه روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، واحد ساوه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ساوه، ایران