Advances in Cognitive Sciences

fa اثربخشی درمان شناختی مبتنی بر مثبت‌‌اندیشی بر افسردگی، استرس و اضطراب مادران با سابقه ابتلا به کووید-19 Effect of cognitive therapy based on positive thinking on depression, stress, and anxiety of mothers after recovering from COVID-19 علوم اعصاب شناختی پژوهشي اصیل Research <div style="text-align: justify;">مقدمه: شیوع بیماری کووید-19 منجر به تغییراتی در زندگی عادی خانواده‌ها شده و سبک زندگی را به ‌طور خاص تحت تأثیر قرار داده است. از سوی دیگر، زنان به دلیل رویدادهای بحرانی و استرسزا (بارداری، زایمان و...) در زندگی خود خطر ابتلا به اختلالات روانی را افزایش می‌دهند. لذا هدف این پژوهش به بررسی اثربخشی درمان شناختی مبتنی بر مثبت&rlm;‌اندیشی بر افسردگی، استرس و اضطراب مادران با سابقه ابتلا به کووید-19 بود. روش کار: پژوهش حاضر نیمه‌آزمایشی با پیش&lrm;آزمون و پس&lrm;آزمون بود. جامعه پژوهش کلیه مادران با سابقه ابتلا به کووید-19 شهر همدان در سال 1401 بودند. در ابتدا دو مرکز بهداشتی_درمانی به صورت تصادفی انتخاب شدند و سپس از بین مادران مراجعه‌کننده که سابقه ابتلا به کووید-19 داشتند، تعداد 40 نفر به روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس انتخاب شده و به طور تصادفی در دو گروه آزمایش و کنترل (هر گروه 20 نفر) قرار گرفتند. داده‌ها با استفاده از پرسشنامه&lrm; جمعیت&rlm;‌شناختی، پرسشنامه اضطراب و افسردگی Beck و پرسشنامه استرس Cohen جمع‌آوری شد. تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده آزمون‌های همبستگی پیرسون و تحلیل کوواریانس به وسیله نرم&lrm;افزار SPSS-24 انجام شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که سن 5/42 درصد مادران  بین 30 تا 40 سال و 65 درصد آنها دارای مدرک دیپلم بودند. بر اساس نتایج بین سن مادران و استرس (000/0=P) و اضطراب (0/024=P) رابطه معناداری وجود داشت. تفاوت افسردگی پیش و پس از درمان شناختی مثبت‌&rlm;اندیشی معنادار نبود (0/310=P)، اما این درمان بر استرس (0/038= P،2/486=F) و اضطراب مادران (0/000= P،11/96=F) تاثیر داشت. نتیجه‌گیری: مداخله مثبت‌اندیشی باعث کاهش افسردگی، استرس و اضطراب می‌شود که منجر به سازگاری با بیماری و کاهش مشکلات مربوط به اختلالات روانی و به طور کلی افزایش شرایط روانی بهتر در رابطه با بیماری کرونا می‌شود. با توجه به نتایج پژوهش حاضر، استفاده از شناخت درمانی مبتنی بر مثبت‌اندیشی در کلینیک‌های روانشناسی به عنوان یک روش مداخله‌ای مؤثر توصیه می‌شود.  </div> <div style="text-align: justify;">Introduction In December 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced the outbreak of a new viral infectious disease that originated in Wuhan, China (1). COVID-19 is highly contagious, causing acute respiratory syndrome (2). This disease has led to the death of more than six million people in the world (3). In 2022, the WHO identified this disease as a significant threat to both physical and mental health due to its impact on lifestyle changes. Adapting to pregnancy, childbirth, and taking care of babies is one of the most critical and stressful events in a woman's life, increasing the likelihood of psychological disorders in women (4, 5). During the COVID-19 pandemic, with the increase in mortality rate and social isolation, the prevalence of many psychological disorders increased (6). It is necessary to identify people prone to these disorders in order to improve the mental health of society with appropriate psychological methods and techniques (7). All of the people, specifically healthcare staff, are at the highest risk of mental disorders (8). Depression, stress, fear, and frustration can make people susceptible to diseases such as Coronavirus (9). Anxiety seems to be primarily due to the lack of information about unknown diseases among people (10). During the pandemic of this disease, stress and fear of the disease and death cause people to be involved with the anxiety of the disease (11). The anxiety of this disease, being quarantined at home, and the closing of many recreational and educational centers has threatened all members of society, exclusively mothers, and have made them susceptible to anxiety disorders, depression, and fear (13). Fear and anxiety among people due to the unknown nature of this disease cause irreparable damage to people's health. Among these injuries, we can mention significant mental disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, panic disorders, and behavioral disorders. Factors that cause these disorders include being away from family, loneliness, receiving false information from social media, financial insecurity, and loss of loved ones. Furthermore, the obligation to observe quarantine and stay away from others can cause people to suffer from depression (14). The importance of the physical and mental health of mothers in society is evident; considering the increasing growth of mental disorders, it is necessary to identify and provide medical services for them (15). Positive psychology emphasizes the increase of mental health and scientific study on the role of personal strengths and positive social systems in promoting optimal health. The goal of this approach is to improve people's living standards. Positive psychology deals with the positive issues of life, such as emotional regulation, well-being, positive thinking, and the like. Besides, it has an effect on improving compliance with treatment and reducing the anxiety of corona in patients (16, 17). Positive thinking refers to the process of focusing on positive emotions and positive behavioral habits. One study on positive thinking shows that it helps in coping with stress, anxiety, and other psychological disorders as well (18). Therefore, in this research, the effectiveness of cognitive therapy based on positive thinking on depression, stress, and anxiety of mothers with a history of COVID-19 has been studied. Methods This study was semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design. The population of the research was all mothers with a history of being infected with COVID-19 in Hamedan city, Iran, in 2021-2022. First, two healthcare centers were randomly selected. Forty mothers, aged 20-55 years, with at least a primary school education and who attended the training sessions, were chosen based on specific criteria. Those with a history of positive thinking courses, psychological disorders, or incomplete questionnaires were excluded. The selected participants were then randomly divided into two groups: An intervention group and a control group. The experimental group participated in the sessions. Over the course of four weeks, participants engaged in cognitive therapy focused on positive thinking, attending two 1.5-hour sessions each week for a total of eight sessions. These sessions introduced participants to key concepts and techniques of cognitive behavioral therapy centered on positive thinking. Additionally, participants were instructed to practice exercises related to these concepts on the same day they were introduced. The educational material was based on Susan Quilliam's book "Positive Thinking and Applied Positivism" (18). In this research, socio-demographics, Beck's anxiety and depression questionnaire, and perceived stress scale were used. Beck's anxiety questionnaire: The internal consistency (alpha coefficient) is 0.92, its reliability is 0.75 with the retest method after one week, and the correlation of its items varies from 0.30 to 0.76 (20). Beck's depression questionnaire: The internal consistency of this questionnaire is reported as 0.72-0.92 with an average of 0.86. Correspondingly, the alpha coefficient is 0.86 for psychiatric populations and 0.81 for non-psychiatric populations. The reliability of Beck's test with the test-retest method is reported as 0.48 to 0.86 according to the distance between the two tests and the studied population (21). Perceived Stress Scale: Cohen et al. reported that the retest reliability of the PSS was 0.85, and the internal consistency of this test was calculated from 0.84 to 0.86 (32). The construct validity of this questionnaire was acceptable P<0.5 (24). SPSS-24 software was used in order to analyze the data. Results Based on the obtained results, 42.5% were between 30 and 40 years old, and 65% had a diploma. The mean of depression, stress, and anxiety in the pre-test and post-test stages is 29.42, 36.07, and 38.72, respectively, with a standard deviation of 6.05, 6.88 and 7.72. The post-test average is 26.42, 34.9, and 33.5, respectively, with a standard deviation of 11.56, 8.54, and 7.35. There was a significant relationship between stress (P=0.000) and anxiety (P=0.024) with mothers' age. The difference between depression before and after positive thinking cognitive therapy was not significant (P=0.310, F=1.244), but this treatment was effective on stress (P=0.038, F=2.486), and mothers' anxiety (P=0.000, F=11.96), with a history of COVID-19, had an effect. The results of checking the assumptions of one-way covariance analysis test are as follows: The groups are independent of each other, the distribution of the dependent variables (depression, stress, and anxiety) is normal, and Levene's test was run to check the homogeneity of the variances of the dependent variables. The test results showed that the variance of the groups is homogenous, and between the pre-test of depression, stress, and anxiety, and the independent variable is a linear correlation. The assumption of correlation between the associated variable and the independent variable has been met (P<0.05) Conclusion Positive thinking intervention reduces the psychological problems of the patients, including depression, stress, and anxiety, which ultimately results in increased life expectancy, adaptation to the conditions of the disease, and better relationships with relatives. In addition, the reduction of problems related to psychological disorders, generally, led to an increase in better mental conditions concerning the Coronavirus disease. According to the results of the present study, it is recommended to use cognitive therapy based on positive thinking psychological clinics and enter as an effective intervention method.  Ethical considerations This article is taken from the master's thesis of the first author. The present research was conducted after obtaining written consent to participate in the research, observing the principle of confidentiality of the participants' information and their freedom to withdraw from the research process. This research was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Islamic University of Hamedan branch with the Ethics Code IR.IAU.H.REC.1401.014. The research was designed in such a way that its implementation does not involve any physical or mental harm to the subjects. Moreover, the subjects of the cognitive therapy group based on positive thinking received the relevant training for free. Authors' contributions Somaye Younesi Bahar: This article results from her master's thesis, which was responsible for collecting data, conducting intervention sessions, and analyzing the results. Nasrin Matinnia: The corresponding author and supervisor in conducting the research and editing of the article. Saeid Yazdi-Ravandi: The co-supervisor of the research method and wrote the article. All authors read and approved the final version. Funding The first author paid all costs of this research. Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to everyone who participated in this study during the Coronavirus quarantine conditions and to the respected professors who advised and gave hints in this study Conflict of interest All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.  </div> درمان شناختی مثبت‌اندیشی, افسردگی, استرس, اضطراب, کووید-19 Positive thinking cognitive therapy, Depression, Stress, Anxiety, COVID-19 95 107 http://icssjournal.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1666-1&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Somaye Younesi Bahar سمیه یونسی‌بهار 100319475328460016311 100319475328460016311 No MSc of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran کارشناس ارشد روان‌شناسی بالینی، دانشکده علوم پزشکی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد همدان، همدان، ایران Nasrin Matinnia نسرین متین‌نیا Nmatinnia@yahoo.com 100319475328460016312 100319475328460016312 Yes Assistant Professor of Community Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran استادیار بهداشت جامعه، دانشکده علوم پزشکی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد همدان، همدان، ایران Saeid Yazdi-Ravandi سعید یزدی راوندی 100319475328460016313 100319475328460016313 No Assistant Professor of Clinical Psychology, Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran استادیار روان‌شناسی بالینی، مرکز تحقیقات اختلالات رفتاری و سوء مصرف مواد دانشگاه علوم پزشکی همدان، همدان، ایران