Advances in Cognitive Sciences تازه های علوم شناختی Advances in Cognitive Sciences Literature & Humanities http://icssjournal.ir 1 admin 1561-4174 2783-073x 10.30514/icss fa jalali 1401 12 1 gregorian 2023 3 1 25 1 online 1 fulltext
fa ارزیابی دستور داستان در گفتمان روایتی فارسی Story grammar assessment in Persian narrative discourse test فلسفه ذهن و زبان شناسی شناختی پژوهشي اصیل Research <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height:2;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;B Titr&quot;">مقدمه:</span></span></b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;B Nazanin&quot;"> آزمون گفتمان روایتی</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;B Nazanin&quot;">فارسی که ابزاری برای بررسی بالینی گفتمان کودکان و بزرگسالان فارسی‌زبان با و بدون نیازهای ویژه به شمار می‌رود، مقیاسی برای ارزیابی دستور داستان ارائه نکرده است.</span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;B Nazanin&quot;"> پژوهش حاضر به منظور استانداردسازی آزمون دستور داستان در گفتمان روایتی فارسی‌زبانان مبتلا به اختلالات ارتباطی جهت ارزیابی بالینی انجام شد.</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;B Titr&quot;">روش</span></span></b><b> </b><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;B Titr&quot;">کار:</span></span></b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;B Nazanin&quot;"> با استفاده از مقیاس لیکرت برای ارزیابی روایت، از پرسشنامه پنج‌ سطحی برای سنجش وضوح عناصر چهار بخش روایت در مدل سلسله‌مراتبی ثرندایک استفاده شد. برای تعیین این که آیا سؤالات پیشنهادی، دامنۀ رفتاری مشاهده شده (دستور داستان) را پوشش می‌دهد، و برای همه آزمون&shy;‌گران ساده و ملموس است، و به طور کلی پرسشنامه دارای شاخص اعتبار محتوای بالایی بر اساس نظر متخصصان می‌باشد یا خیر، با</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;B Nazanin&quot;">شش زبان‌شناس و شش آسیب‌شناس گفتار و زبان مشاوره شد.</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;B Nazanin&quot;">برای تعیین روایی افتراقی، بررسی دستور داستان در رابطه با دو تکلیف بازگویی داستان و خلق بداهه روایت توسط دو گروه از دانش‌آموزان دبستانی با و بدون اختلال شنوایی در مدارس ابتدایی عادی انجام شد. پایایی به صورت درون‌ارزیاب و برون‌ارزیاب مورد بررسی قرار گرفت.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;B Titr&quot;">یافته‌ها:</span></span></b> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;B Nazanin&quot;">در بخش‌های صحنه و موضوع، بین میانگین نمرات گروه‌های شنوا و دچار آسیب شنوایی در خلق روایت یا بازگویی داستان تفاوت معنا‌داری وجود نداشت اما در بخش‌های اپیزودها (001/0</span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">P</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;B Nazanin&quot;">) و گره‌گشایی (001/0</span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">P</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;B Nazanin&quot;">)، نمرات گروه شنوا به طور قابل توجهی بالاتر از گروه آسیب‌دیده شنوایی بود.</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif"><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;B Titr&quot;">نتیجه&shy;‌گیری:</span></span></b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;B Nazanin&quot;"> روایی و پایایی آزمون مبتنی بر مدل ثرندایک مشخص کرد که برای ارزیابی بالینی دستور داستان موثر است. </span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;B Nazanin&quot;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> &nbsp;</div> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Introduction</span></span></b><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">The present study was carried out to standardize the grammar of the story in the narrative discourse of Persian speakers with communication disorders for clinical examination. <span style="color:black">Psycholinguistic </span>approaches have already been used in Iran to evaluate some aspects of discourse among people with speech and language disorders. The <span style="color:black">Persian </span>Narrative Discourse Test </span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">(PNDT) </span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">was developed based on Fredericksen&#39;s model, and its validity and reliability were evaluated. This test is designed to quantify sentence complexity, coherence, and overall cohesion (referential, relational, lexical <span style="color:black">cohesion</span>, deletion, and substitution). Since Fredriksen&#39;s model is suggested to investigate the damage levels of narrative discourse in the processing stage of conceptual structures, the evaluation of story grammar is also proposed. Accordingly, the present study aimed to include the evaluation scale of story grammar in the Persian version of the test. <span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Methods</span></span></b><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Using a Likert scale to evaluate the narrative, a five-level questionnaire was used to measure the clarity of the elements of the four narrative parts using <span style="color:black">Thorndyke&#39;s hierarchical model: the scene is composed of time, place, and characters. The topic consists of the title of the narrative and the main incident. The plot consists of the characters&rsquo; efforts, the results of these efforts, the resolution consists of the characters&#39; intentions, and the result of the narrative. In the above-mentioned questionnaire, six linguists and six speech and language pathologists were consulted to determine whether the proposed questions cover the observed behavioral domain (story grammar) and are simple and tangible for all examiners, and also whether the questionnaire has high content validity index based on the experts&rsquo; opinion.</span> <span style="color:black">A second part of the research was conducted to determine the differential validity, examining story grammar as it relates to retelling stories and creating improvised narratives by two groups of elementary school students with and without hearing impairment in normal elementary schools.</span> <span style="color:black">The reason for choosing the age of 6 to 12 years (primary school age) for this assessment is the evolution of the critical stages of narrative development at the end of five years of age so that children can organize integrated chains of events with a map and subsequent events and related endings.</span> <span style="color:black">Thirty-six elementary students in regular schools were evaluated, including 18 students with hearing impairments (accessible sample) and 18 without hearing impairments (random sample).</span> <span style="color:black">All hearing-impaired students had completed oral or verbal auditory rehabilitation for more than two years before entering the normal school assessment, and none had any physical, mental, movement, or psychological problems. Newsha tests were accomplished for hearing, language, and speech development, including listening skills, language comprehension, expressive language, speech clarity, cognitive skills, social skills, and motor skills. At least the low domain score was achieved to develop the desired skills in normal children. During the test, audiologists checked the hearing aids and cochlear implants of all children and verified that the device and its settings were correct.</span> <span style="color:black">Children were homogeneous in terms of age, sex, socioeconomic level of schools, parents&#39; education, and an intragroup comparison of hearing aid users, and cochlear implant users was made before the main assessment. No significant differences were observed in any of the two tasks between the two subgroups.</span> <span style="color:black">A comparative assessment was conducted between two groups: One with hearing impairment and the other without</span></span>.<span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"> Data were collected by recording two oral narrative tasks, including telling a previously heard story and improvising a narrative. After transcribing, the data were entered into SPSS version 26 for statistical analysis. An internal evaluator and an external evaluator also evaluated the reliability of the test.</span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Results</span></span></b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">A significant difference was found between the </span></span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">average<span style="color:black"> scores of hearing and hearing-impaired participants in narrative creation and story retelling, and in both cases, the hearing group scored significantly higher than the hearing-impaired group.</span> <span style="color:black">The current research compared the scores separately to determine where this difference comes from, as seen in Table 1.</span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Table 1.</span></span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> <span style="color:black">Comparing the </span>average<span style="color:black"> scores of the hearing (n=18) and hearing-impaired (n=18) groups by separating the parts of the story grammar</span></span></span></span></span> <table class="MsoTableGrid" style="width:678px; border-collapse:collapse; border:none" width="678"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:170px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:30px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Story</span></span></b><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">grammar</span></span></b><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:30px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Mean</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:30px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Std. Deviation</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:30px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Std. Error Mean</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:80px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:30px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Difference</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:30px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Pooled St Dev</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:55px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:30px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">T</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:30px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">df</span></span></b><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:30px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">P</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:678px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Setting</span></span></b><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:86px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Improvising a narrative</span></span><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:84px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Hearing Group</span></span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.490</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.279</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.066</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:80px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.130</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.261</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:55px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">1.49</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">34</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.145</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:84px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Hearing-impaired group</span></span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.360</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.243</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.057</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:80px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:55px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:86px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Telling a previously heard story</span></span><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:84px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Hearing Group</span></span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.537</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.291</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.069</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:80px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.147</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.232</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:55px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">1.9</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">34</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.066</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:84px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Hearing-impaired group</span></span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.390</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.151</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.036</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:80px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:55px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:678px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:5px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Theme</span></span></b><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:86px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Improvising a narrative</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:84px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Hearing Group</span></span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.440</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.509</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.120</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:80px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.205</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.388</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:55px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">1.58</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">34</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.133</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:84px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Hearing-impaired group</span></span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.235</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.205</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.048</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:80px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:55px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:86px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Telling a previously heard story</span></span><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:84px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Hearing Group</span></span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.620</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.212</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.050</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:80px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.1</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.168</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:55px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">1.79</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">34</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.083</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:84px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Hearing-impaired group</span></span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.520</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.106</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.025</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:80px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:55px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:678px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:20px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Episodes</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:86px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Improvising a narrative</span></span><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:84px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Hearing Group</span></span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.523</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.025</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.006</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:80px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.377</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.031</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:55px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">36.980</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">34</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:red">0.000</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:84px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Hearing-impaired group</span></span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.147</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.0135</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.008</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:80px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:55px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:86px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Telling a previously heard story</span></span><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:84px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Hearing Group</span></span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.627</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.040</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.010</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:80px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.214</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.038</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:55px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">17.080</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">34</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:18px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:red">0.000</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:84px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Hearing-impaired group</span></span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.413</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.035</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.008</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:80px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:55px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:678px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:22px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Resolution</span></span></b><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:red"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:86px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Improvising a narrative</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:84px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Hearing Group</span></span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.625</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.106</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.025</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:80px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.385</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.0756</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:55px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">15.280</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">34</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:red">0.000</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:84px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Hearing-impaired group</span></span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.240</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.014</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.003</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:80px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:55px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:red"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:86px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Telling a previously heard story</span></span><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:84px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Hearing Group</span></span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.775</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.078</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.018</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:80px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.405</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.0683</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:55px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">17.790</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">34</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:29px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:red">0.000</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:84px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:50px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Hearing-impaired group</span></span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:50px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.370</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:76px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:50px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.057</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:85px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:50px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">0.013</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:80px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:50px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:57px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:50px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:55px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:50px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:48px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:50px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:52px; padding:0in 7px 0in 7px; height:50px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:">&nbsp;</span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">No significant difference was found between the average scores of hearing and hearing-impaired groups in creating a narrative or retelling the story in the scene and topic sections. However, in the episodes and resolution sections, the hearing group scores significantly higher than the hearing-impaired group.</span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Conclusion</span></span></b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">A significant difference in the story grammar between retelling and improvising narratives aligns with research that shows hearing-impaired children, even with the aid of modern technology, continue to face challenges in advanced language usage. This is particularly evident when they create narratives compared to their peers with less severe hearing difficulties.<b> </b>A test developed based on Thorndyke&#39;s hierarchical story grammar model was found to be effective for evaluating the subsections of the story grammar by people with communication differences, and its validity and reliability were also confirmed.</span></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Ethical Considerations</span></span></span></b></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Compliance with Ethical Guidelines</span></span></b></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">In the current research, we adhere to ethical principles by obtaining written and informed consent from participants and providing them with essential information about the research process. We ensure confidentiality by coding participant names and allowing them the freedom to withdraw from the study at any time for any reason. The results of the tests carried out by each participant to their parents and the necessary guidance to improve children&#39;s narrative skills without imposing any financial costs. Moreover, the research has an approval code from the Ethics Committee of Tarbiat Modares University with code: IR.MODARES.REC.1400.072, Approval date: 2021-06-12.</span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Authors&#39; Contribution</span></span></b></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Design, data collection, and study preparation by the first and second authors. Statistical analysis by the third author. Supervised the research method by the fourth author and the final review by the second and fifth authors. </span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Funding </span></span></b></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">The authors have not received funding for this manuscript. </span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Acknowledgments</span></span></b></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">The present article is taken from the PhD thesis of the first author of the research at Tarbiat Modares University; therefore, the authors feel it is their duty to express their utmost gratitude for the sincere cooperation of all the students participating in the present study and their parents, as well as school administrators.</span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Conflict of interest</span></span></b></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">The authors reported no potential conflict of interest.</span></span></span></span></span><br> &nbsp; ارزیابی زبان, دستور داستان, گفتمان روایتی, آسیب شنوایی Language assessment, Story grammar, Narrative discourse, Hearing impairment 123 136 http://icssjournal.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1614-1&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Fariba Noori فریبا نوری 100319475328460015366 100319475328460015366 Yes PhD in Linguistics, Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran دکتری زبان‌شناسی، دپارتمان زبان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران Hayat Ameri حیات عامری H.ameri@modares.ac.ir 100319475328460015367 100319475328460015367 No Associate Professor, Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran دانشیار، دپارتمان زبان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران Sajad Noorian سجاد نوریان 100319475328460015368 100319475328460015368 No Assistant Professor, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Qom, Qom, Iran استادیار، گروه آمار، دانشکده علوم پایه، دانشگاه قم، قم، ایران Ferdows Aghagolzadeh فردوس آقاگل‌زاده 100319475328460015369 100319475328460015369 No Professor, Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran استاد، دپارتمان زبان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران Mohammad Dabir Moghaddam محمد دبیرمقدم 100319475328460015370 100319475328460015370 No Professor, Linguistics Department, Faculty of Literature & Foreign Languages, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran استاد، گروه زبان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و زبان‌های خارجه، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی، تهران، ایران