Advances in Cognitive Sciences

fa نقش پیچیدگی خود، ساختار ارزش‌گذاری خودپنداره و وضوح خودپنداره در پیش‌بینی انعطاف‌پذیری شناختی در نوجوانان مهاجر افغان The role of self-complexity, evaluative self-organization, and self-concept clarity in predicting cognitive flexibility in Afghan immigrant adolescents روان شناسی شناختی پژوهشي اصیل Research <div style="text-align: justify;">مقدمه: نوجوانان مهاجر از آسیب‌پذیرترین قشرهای اجتماعی بوده و بررسی عواملی که به ارتقای سازگاری این گروه کمک کند حائز اهمیت است. این پژوهش با هدف پیشبینی انعطاف‌پذیری شناختی بر مبنای ویژگی‌های خود ساختاری انجام شد. روش کار: این مطالعه از نوع همبستگی بود. سه ویژگی خود ساختاری شامل پیچیدگی خود، وضوح خودپنداره و ساختار ارزش‌گذاری خودپنداره به عنوان متغیرهای پیشبین و انعطاف‌پذیری شناختی به عنوان متغیر ملاک در نظر گرفته شدند. جامعه آماری شامل تمام نوجوانان مهاجر افغان با سواد خواندن و نوشتن در دامنه سنی 11 تا 19 سال که در ایران سکونت دارند بود. نمونه‌ای به حجم 147 نفر از چهار شهر تهران، قم، سمنان و مشهد به شیوه نمونه‌گیری نوع در دسترس وارد مطالعه شدند. برای گردآوری داده‌ها از تکلیف دسته‌بندی اسنادهای خود توصیفی Linville (1985)، مقیاس وضوح خودپنداره Campbell (1996) و آزمون دسته‌بندی کارت‌های ویسکانسین (1993) استفاده گردید. تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها در نرم‌افزار SPSS-22 و با استفاده از روش تحلیل رگرسیون چندگانه به شیوه گام به گام انجام شد. یافته‌ها:. با توجه به نتایج تحلیل رگرسیون از میان ویژگی‌های خود ساختاری، دو ویژگی وضوح خودپنداره و ساختار ارزش‌گذاری می‌توانند در پیش‌بینی انعطاف‌پذیری شناختی نقش داشته باشند. این دو ویژگی در مجموع توانستند 8/10 درصد از واریانس شاخص تعداد طبقات تکمیل شده و 7/11 درصد از واریانس شاخص تعداد پاسخ‌های منفی آزمون ویسکانسین را تبیین کنند. از بین ویژگی‌های خود ساختاری صرفا ساختار ارزش‌گذاری توانست در مجموع 9/4 درصد از واریانس شاخص تعداد خطاهای درجاماندگی را پیش‌بینی کند. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به نتایج، دو ویژگی خود ساختاری شامل وضوح خودپنداره و ساختار ارزش‌گذاری خودپنداره با انعطاف‌پذیری شناختی نوجوانان مهاجر افغان مرتبط بوده و قادر به پیش‌بینی آن هستند که می‌توانند در برنامه‌ریزی برای ارتقا سازگاری، آنها را مدنظر قرار داد.  </div> <div style="text-align: justify;">Introduction Immigrant adolescents are considered to be an extremely vulnerable group who are at increased risk for a range of psychological problems. On the other hand, the increase in the number of immigrants may potentially impose substantial pressure on mental health services in the country they are hosting. The current situation in Afghanistan makes it likely that Iran is facing a new wave of immigrants, warranting more knowledge about facilitating and promoting the immigrant adolescent’s positive adaptation. Cognitive flexibility refers to the mental ability that enables immigrant adolescents to adjust effectively to changing environmental demands and switch between cognitive strategies. Considering that few studies have been done in this regard with the variables studied in this study at present; thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of structural properties of self, consisting of self-complexity, self-concept clarity, and evaluative self-organization in the cognitive flexibility of Afghan immigrant adolescents in Iran. Methods The research method was descriptive correlational, analyzing the relationship between research variables. Three properties of structural self, consisting of self-complexity, self-concept clarity, and self-organization, were used as predictor variables, and cognitive flexibility as criterion variable entered into the study. The statistical population included all male and female Afghan immigrant adolescents in Iran aged 11 to 19. The sample of this study included 147 adolescents from four cities (Tehran, Qom, Semnan and, Mashhad) who were selected by convenience sampling. Inclusion criteria for participation were: having the ability to read and write and informed consent to participate in the research. Furthermore, the criteria for exclusion were: history of psychiatric disorder, severe cognitive disability, and sight/hearing problems affecting a person’s ability to communicate with the researcher. In order to observe the ethical principles of the research, all subjects received information about the research. They were assured that all information would remain confidential and only be used for research purposes. Written informed consent and verbal assent were obtained from immigrant adolescents and their parents. This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Kharazmi University Regional Research Ethics Committee (protocol number: IR.KHU.REC.1399.041). The Self-Descriptive Attribution-sorting Task, the Self-Concept Clarity Scale, and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) were used. In this study, Data analysis was performed by descriptive statistical methods (mean, standard deviation), conventional correlation, and multiple regressions to measure the research variables. In this study, a significance level of less than 0.05 was considered. Lastly, data were analyzed using SPSS-24 software. Results Of 147 participating adolescents, 80 were girls, and 67 were boys. The mean and standard deviation of the age of male adolescents (14.13, 2.12) and female adolescents (14.93, 2.48) were obtained. Besides, the mean and standard deviation of the total age of adolescents was 14.56 and 2.35. Most participants in the study (76.2%) were second-generation immigrants who were born in Iran or who immigrated to Iran before age 6. The results showed the relationship between evaluative self-organization and total number of errors (TNE) (P<0.05, r=-0.25), evaluative self-organization with number of perseverative errors (NPE) (P<0.05, r=-0.22), evaluative self-organization with number of completed categories (NCC) (P<0.05, r=0.25), self-concept clarity with TNE (P<0.05, r=-0.22), self-concept clarity and NPE (P<0.05, r=-0.19), and self-concept clarity with NCC (P<0.05, r=0.20) were significant. The highest correlation coefficient was between evaluative self-organization with TNE and NCC (-0.25). According to the regression analysis results, among structural properties of self, self-concept clarity and evaluative self-organization could play a role in predicting cognitive flexibility. They predicted 10.8% of Completed Categories measure (P<0.01) and 11.7% Total Incorrect measure (P<0.001) of WCST. Among predictor variables, evaluative self-organization could predict a 4.9% Perseverative Errors measure (P<0.01) of WCST. The relationship between self-complexity and cognitive flexibility was not significant. The result revealed that evaluative self-organization (compartmentalization vs. integration) has the highest predictive power among the properties of the structural self. Conclusion In summary, the present study's results revealed that self-concept clarity and evaluative self-organization–two properties of structural self-have a significant relationship with cognitive flexibility. According to the present study’s results, paying attention to the structural properties of the self can contain valuable points to improve cognitive flexibility. These findings suggest that increasing the level of self-concept clarity and compartmentalization of self-organization may promote adjustment and better performance in Afghan immigrant adolescents when faced with the stressful challenges of immigration. Therefore, according to the importance of immigrants’ adaptation and the role of structural self in predicting cognitive flexibility, it is necessary to develop specific, codified, and accurate programs to create a suitable environment for immigrant adolescents to engage in more social roles, relations, and activities. In addition, promoting more apparent positive and negative self-knowledge could enhance skills to effectively switch between conflicting contextualized identities. This study has some limitations that future research should be taken into consideration. The first one regards the cross-sectional nature of the study. In future research, the use of longitudinal design will help. Among the research limitations, this research could mention the limited population, the cross-sectional statistical sample of the research, contradictory remarks about the validity and reliability of the Linville H index, the impossibility of examining all the other variables playing a role in this process, and self-report measure for self-concept clarity. Therefore, the use of longitudinal studies, the search for a more valid and reliable index for self-complexity, the comparison with different groups such as native adolescents, the expansion of the statistical population and sample, and examine the mediation and moderation role of other potential variables such as acculturation strategies, emotion regulation, and personality types can more appropriately explain the relationship. Ethical Considerations Compliance with ethical guidelines In order to comply with the ethical principles of the research, all subjects received information about the research. They were assured that all information would remain confidential and only be used for research purposes. Written informed consent and verbal assent were obtained from immigrant adolescents and their parents. This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Kharazmi University Regional Research Ethics Committee (protocol number: IR.KHU.REC.1399.041). <a name="_Hlk120873440">Authors’ contributions</a> Morteza Delavarpouraghdam: Participated in the implementation of the research, data collection, initial writing of the article, and analysis and review of the results.  Alireza Moradi: The corresponding author and guide for the implementation stages of the research and revision of the article. Jafar Hasani: Participated in the research article’s analysis. All authors discussed the results and participated in editing the final version of the article. Funding This research was carried out with the financial support of the Iran National Science Foundation (INSF) with project number 96005280. Acknowledgments In the end, the authors are grateful to the Association for Protection of Refugees & Children HAMI in Tehran, Qom, Mashhad, and Semnan, and all those who have facilitated the implementation of the research. Conflict of Interest The authors declared no conflict of interest.</div>   انعطاف‌پذیری شناختی, پیچیدگی خود, ساختار ارزش‌گذاری خودپنداره, وضوح خودپنداره Cognitive flexibility, Self-complexity, Self-concept clarity, Evaluative self-organization 164 178 http://icssjournal.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1480-1&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Morteza Delavarpouraghdam مرتضی دلاورپوراقدم 100319475328460014072 100319475328460014072 No PhD Candidate of Health Psychology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran دانشجوی دکتری روان‌شناسی سلامت، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران Alireza Moradi علیرضا مرادی Moradi@khu.ac.ir 100319475328460014073 100319475328460014073 Yes Professor of Clinical Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran,Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran استاد روان‌شناسی بالینی، گروه روان‌شناسی بالینی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران، موسسه آموزش عالی علوم شناختی، تهران، ایران Jafar Hasani جعفر حسنی 100319475328460014074 100319475328460014074 No Professor of Clinical Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran استاد روان‌شناسی بالینی، گروه روان‌شناسی بالینی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران Robabeh Nouri ربابه نوری 100319475328460014075 100319475328460014075 No Associate Professor of Clinical Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran دانشیار روان‌شناسی بالینی، گروه روان‌شناسی بالینی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران