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Volume 24, Issue 4 (Winter 2023)
Advances in Cognitive Sciences 2023, 24(4): 146-157 |
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Moradi S, Zarabian M K. Prediction of hardiness, resilience, and self-differentiation based on cognitive emotion regulation strategies in patients with multiple sclerosis in Hamadan. Advances in Cognitive Sciences 2023; 24 (4) :146-157
URL: http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-1425-en.html
URL: http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-1425-en.html
1- Department of Clinical Psychology, Khalkhal Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khalkhal, Iran
2- Visiting Professor, Department of Clinical Psychology, Khalkhal Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khalkhal, Iran/ PhD in Psychology, Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. Hamedan, Iran
2- Visiting Professor, Department of Clinical Psychology, Khalkhal Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khalkhal, Iran/ PhD in Psychology, Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. Hamedan, Iran
Abstract: (573 Views)
Introduction
Multiple sclerosis (MS), a detoxifying disease of the central nervous system, is one of the most common neurological diseases in humans and the most debilitating disease at a young age. MS is more prevalent in females than in men. In chronic diseases, the psychological aspects of the disease are often overlooked. One of these psychological factors is hardiness, which refers to one’s desire to connect with themselves and the outside world. It is a multi-faceted personality structure composed of three components of control, commitment, and challenge. Resilience is defined as the ability or consequence of successful adaptation to life-threatening environmental conditions. Productivity is the capacity to adapt positively to unpleasant and painful events (3). Differentiation is one’s ability to maintain independence in intimate relationships with others and strike a balance between emotions and logic (4). The exact cause of MS is unknown; nonetheless, research suggests that a combination of genetic and environmental factors may play a role (7). MS is on a the rise in all countries; therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the prediction of hardiness, resilience, and differentiation based on cognitive emotion regulation strategies in patients with MS in Hamadan. The results of this study can be regarded as an effective practical measure.
Methods
The present study was conducted based on a descriptive correlational design. The statistical population included all patients with MS living in Hamadan in 2020. According to statistics obtained from the Hamadan Multiple sclerosis (MS) Association, they were 3050 patients. According to Morgan's table, the study sample consisted of 341 patients with MS who were selected by convenience sampling from the Hamadan branch of the MS association. The research instruments included a demographic characteristics form, hardiness assessment questionnaire, resilience assessment questionnaire, revised self-differentiation questionnaire, and cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire.
In order to conduct research, after the approval of the study by the Ethics Committee of Islamic Azad University, Khalkhal Branch, the researcher referred to the MS association of Hamadan. After that, the participants were provided with the study’s aims and asked to complete the questionnaires if they agreed to participate. After the completion of 341 questionnaires, the link was deactivated. The collected data were entered into SPSS software (version 23). Based on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the data normality was checked. Accordingly, it was found that all data were normally distributed. Qualitative data were reported as frequency and percentage, while quantitative data were described as mean and standard deviation. The Pearson correlation coefficient test was used to examine the relationship between the main variables. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
The present study’s results revealed that out of 341 patients with MS, 62.2% and 37.8% of cases were female and male, respectively. The majority of patients (42.8%) were within the age range of 40-31 years and had a diploma (27.3%). The results showed that in patients with MS disease, the mean scores of resilience, hardiness, self-differentiation, and cognitive emotion regulation were 58.57±14.25, 70.20±14.13, 147.15±31.95, and 110.08±16.78, respectively.
The Pearson correlation results test demonstrated that the correlation coefficients of cognitive emotion regulation with hardness, resilience, and differentiation in patients with MS were 0.392, 0.165, and 0.23, respectively, thus between cognitive emotion regulation and difficulty. A direct and significant relationship was found between resilience and self-differentiation in patients with MS. In other words, the higher levels of cognitive emotion regulation in patients with MS result in their more remarkable hardiness, resilience, and differentiation (Table 1).
Table 1. Relationship of cognitive emotion regulation with hardiness, resilience, and self-differentiation in patients with MS
Conclusion
As evidenced by the present study's results, cognitive emotion regulation strategies demonstrated a direct relationship with hardiness, resilience, and differentiation in patients with MS in Hamadan. The results of this study pointed to the direct relationship of cognitive emotion regulation strategies with hardiness, resilience, and differentiation in patients with MS in Hamadan. Data analysis also illustrated a direct and significant relationship between cognitive emotion regulation and hardiness in patients with MS. Therefore, it can be argued that MS patients’ more frequent use of appropriate and effective cognitive emotion regulation strategies leads to their greater resilience to problems. According to this research, when MS patients are aware of their emotions and able to ponder carefully about their disease situation in the family, they can grow independently in intimate relationships and maintain their peace in deep relationships.
The study’s results suggested the direct and significant relationship of cognitive emotion regulation with hardiness, resilience, and differentiation in patients with MS. When MS patients use positive strategies to regulate their emotions, expectedly, they will be more resilient, better able to withstand the problems and limitations caused by the disease, experience more positive emotions, and better manage their emotions. Therefore, healthcare providers are advised to seek education and strengthen cognitive emotion regulation in patients with MS to increase their hardiness, resilience, and differentiation to help them cope with the disease's challenging conditions.
Ethical considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
The Ethics Committee of the Islamic Azad University, Khalkhal Branch, approved the present study. The collected information was reported without disclosing the names of the participants. In the virtual group formed, the purpose of the study was explained to the participating patients, and they were asked to answer the questionnaires if they gave informed consent.
Authors' contributions
Sara Moradi: Study design, data collection, data analysis and interpretation, article drafting, and article correction; Mohammad Kazem Zarabian: Study design, monitoring the study process, article correction.
Funding
The present article was extracted from a thesis entitled "Predicting hardiness, resilience, self-differentiation based on cognitive emotion regulation strategies in patients with MS in Hamadan” without financial support from a public or private organization or body.
Acknowledgments
The researchers’ most profound appreciation goes to all the officials of the Hamedan MS Association and the dear patients who cooperated with us in conducting this study.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Multiple sclerosis (MS), a detoxifying disease of the central nervous system, is one of the most common neurological diseases in humans and the most debilitating disease at a young age. MS is more prevalent in females than in men. In chronic diseases, the psychological aspects of the disease are often overlooked. One of these psychological factors is hardiness, which refers to one’s desire to connect with themselves and the outside world. It is a multi-faceted personality structure composed of three components of control, commitment, and challenge. Resilience is defined as the ability or consequence of successful adaptation to life-threatening environmental conditions. Productivity is the capacity to adapt positively to unpleasant and painful events (3). Differentiation is one’s ability to maintain independence in intimate relationships with others and strike a balance between emotions and logic (4). The exact cause of MS is unknown; nonetheless, research suggests that a combination of genetic and environmental factors may play a role (7). MS is on a the rise in all countries; therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the prediction of hardiness, resilience, and differentiation based on cognitive emotion regulation strategies in patients with MS in Hamadan. The results of this study can be regarded as an effective practical measure.
Methods
The present study was conducted based on a descriptive correlational design. The statistical population included all patients with MS living in Hamadan in 2020. According to statistics obtained from the Hamadan Multiple sclerosis (MS) Association, they were 3050 patients. According to Morgan's table, the study sample consisted of 341 patients with MS who were selected by convenience sampling from the Hamadan branch of the MS association. The research instruments included a demographic characteristics form, hardiness assessment questionnaire, resilience assessment questionnaire, revised self-differentiation questionnaire, and cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire.
In order to conduct research, after the approval of the study by the Ethics Committee of Islamic Azad University, Khalkhal Branch, the researcher referred to the MS association of Hamadan. After that, the participants were provided with the study’s aims and asked to complete the questionnaires if they agreed to participate. After the completion of 341 questionnaires, the link was deactivated. The collected data were entered into SPSS software (version 23). Based on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the data normality was checked. Accordingly, it was found that all data were normally distributed. Qualitative data were reported as frequency and percentage, while quantitative data were described as mean and standard deviation. The Pearson correlation coefficient test was used to examine the relationship between the main variables. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
The present study’s results revealed that out of 341 patients with MS, 62.2% and 37.8% of cases were female and male, respectively. The majority of patients (42.8%) were within the age range of 40-31 years and had a diploma (27.3%). The results showed that in patients with MS disease, the mean scores of resilience, hardiness, self-differentiation, and cognitive emotion regulation were 58.57±14.25, 70.20±14.13, 147.15±31.95, and 110.08±16.78, respectively.
The Pearson correlation results test demonstrated that the correlation coefficients of cognitive emotion regulation with hardness, resilience, and differentiation in patients with MS were 0.392, 0.165, and 0.23, respectively, thus between cognitive emotion regulation and difficulty. A direct and significant relationship was found between resilience and self-differentiation in patients with MS. In other words, the higher levels of cognitive emotion regulation in patients with MS result in their more remarkable hardiness, resilience, and differentiation (Table 1).
Table 1. Relationship of cognitive emotion regulation with hardiness, resilience, and self-differentiation in patients with MS
| Variables | Cognitive emotion regulation | ||
| The correlation coefficient | P | R2 | |
| Hardiness | 0.392 | 0.001 | 0.154 |
| Resilience | 0.165 | 0.001 | 0.027 |
| Self-differentiation | 0.23 | 0.001 | 0.053 |
Conclusion
As evidenced by the present study's results, cognitive emotion regulation strategies demonstrated a direct relationship with hardiness, resilience, and differentiation in patients with MS in Hamadan. The results of this study pointed to the direct relationship of cognitive emotion regulation strategies with hardiness, resilience, and differentiation in patients with MS in Hamadan. Data analysis also illustrated a direct and significant relationship between cognitive emotion regulation and hardiness in patients with MS. Therefore, it can be argued that MS patients’ more frequent use of appropriate and effective cognitive emotion regulation strategies leads to their greater resilience to problems. According to this research, when MS patients are aware of their emotions and able to ponder carefully about their disease situation in the family, they can grow independently in intimate relationships and maintain their peace in deep relationships.
The study’s results suggested the direct and significant relationship of cognitive emotion regulation with hardiness, resilience, and differentiation in patients with MS. When MS patients use positive strategies to regulate their emotions, expectedly, they will be more resilient, better able to withstand the problems and limitations caused by the disease, experience more positive emotions, and better manage their emotions. Therefore, healthcare providers are advised to seek education and strengthen cognitive emotion regulation in patients with MS to increase their hardiness, resilience, and differentiation to help them cope with the disease's challenging conditions.
Ethical considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
The Ethics Committee of the Islamic Azad University, Khalkhal Branch, approved the present study. The collected information was reported without disclosing the names of the participants. In the virtual group formed, the purpose of the study was explained to the participating patients, and they were asked to answer the questionnaires if they gave informed consent.
Authors' contributions
Sara Moradi: Study design, data collection, data analysis and interpretation, article drafting, and article correction; Mohammad Kazem Zarabian: Study design, monitoring the study process, article correction.
Funding
The present article was extracted from a thesis entitled "Predicting hardiness, resilience, self-differentiation based on cognitive emotion regulation strategies in patients with MS in Hamadan” without financial support from a public or private organization or body.
Acknowledgments
The researchers’ most profound appreciation goes to all the officials of the Hamedan MS Association and the dear patients who cooperated with us in conducting this study.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Keywords: Cognitive emotion regulation, Hardness, Multiple sclerosis, Resilience, Self-differentiation
Type of Study: Research |
Received: 2022/05/18 | Accepted: 2022/12/26 | Published: 2023/02/19
Received: 2022/05/18 | Accepted: 2022/12/26 | Published: 2023/02/19
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