@article{ author = {Shams, Giti and Kaviani, Hosein and EsmailiTorkanbori, Yaghoub and Ebrahimkhani, Narges and AminManesh, Alirez}, title = {A Study of Validity and Reliability of the Persian Version of the Padua Inventory-Washington State University Revision (PI-WSUR) in a Sample of Healthy Iranian Students}, abstract ={Objective: Evaluation of the validity of the factor structure of Persian Padua Inventory (PPI) (a measure of obsessive-compulsive phenomena) on a sample of 348 non-clinical students of Tehran University, School of Medicine. Method: Subsequent to translating the questionnaire to Persian and its back translation to original language and final control by the author of the inventory (Burns), a pilot study based on cultural differences was carried out on twenty students. The total subjects participating in this study comprised of 348 individuals in the age range of 18-44 years. The subjects completed PPI, OCI-R, MOCI, BAI, STAI, BDI-II and demographic inventory. Results: The factor analysis of the PPI exhibited eight factors similar but not identical to previous studies: contamination obsessions, washing compulsions, ordering compulsions, checking compulsions, obsessive thoughts about harm to self/others, obsessive thoughts about violence, obsessive impulses to harm self/others, and obsessive impulses to theft. The results of the present study indicate reliability and internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha= 0.92), Spearman splite test (0.95) and test- retest (r=0.77). We assessed the concurrent validity of the PPI in relation to the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R), and the Maudsley Obsessive- Compulsive Inventory (MOCI) and the results were 0.69 and 0.58 respectively. Conclusion: In correlation with its original version, the PPI is a relatively reliable and valid questionnaire in Iran. }, Keywords = {Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Assessment, Padua Inventory (PI-WSUR), Iranian, Persian}, volume = {12}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-16}, publisher = {Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies}, url = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-77-en.html}, eprint = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-77-en.pdf}, journal = {Advances in Cognitive Science}, issn = {1561-4174}, eissn = {2783-073x}, year = {2010} } @article{ author = {Kajbaf, Mohammad Bagher and Lahijanian, Zahra and Abedi, Ahm}, title = {A Comparison of Memory Profile in Normal Children and Children with Learning Disabilities in Dictation, Mathematics and Reading}, abstract ={Objective: To compare the memory of children with learning disabilities in dictation, mathematics and reading skills with normal children in fourth grade primary schools in Isfahan. Method: For this purpose, 60 students in 4 groups (15 normal students, 15 students with writing disorder, 15 students with dyscalculia, and 15 students with dyslexia) were selected randomly. The memory subscale of Wechsler Intelligence Scale was administered to the subjects to measure their memory. Data were analyzed using Tukey’s test and analysis of variance. Results: The results showed that there is significant difference between the memory of normal children and that of children with dyslexia, dyscalculia, and writing disorder. Conclusion: The memory of children with learning disabilities is significantly problematic; and schoolchildren with writing disorder have weaker memories compared to the other two groups.}, Keywords = {Memory, Learning Disabilities, Writing Disorder, Dyscalculia, Dyslexia}, volume = {12}, Number = {1}, pages = {17-25}, publisher = {Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies}, url = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-78-en.html}, eprint = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-78-en.pdf}, journal = {Advances in Cognitive Science}, issn = {1561-4174}, eissn = {2783-073x}, year = {2010} } @article{ author = {Ekhtiari, Hamed and Khodadadi, Arash and Keramati, Mohammad Mahdi and Dezfouli, Amir and Safaie, Houm}, title = {Analysis of Decision-Making Processes in Drug-Abusers Before and After Maintenance Treatment with Methadone}, abstract ={Objective: The aim of this study is to assess risk taking in opioid dependents and to analyze the effect of methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) on the improvement of cognitive structure of possible disorders, using computational modeling methods. Method: In this research the decision making processes of five groups of participants (male controls, female controls, opioid dependents before treatment, dependents after three months of MMT and dependents after six months of MMT) were analyzed using Persian computer based version of balloon analogue risk task. Results: Results obtained from the test scores showed that the function of male and female controls do not differ significantly, however riskful decision making in dependents before treatment, is higher than that of male controls. Also, the degree of risk taking of dependents after six months of treatment, was lower in comparison with other groups of dependents. Therefore, MMT could affect the amelioration of the imbalance in risk taking behavior. In this study, we used cognitive modeling in order to describe different decision making processes to explore the causes of differential functioning among groups. Conclusion: Analysis of estimated parameters demonstrate that imbalance in reward dependence generates risk taking behaviors in the drug abuser group. In addition, this group pays less attention to their evaluation of choices; hence, a more haphazard behavior. On the other hand, the control group chooses the alternatives that considers more valuable based on the evaluation of gains and losses.}, Keywords = {Cognitive Modeling, Methadone Maintenance Treatment, Balloon Analog Risk Task, Decision-Making}, volume = {12}, Number = {1}, pages = {26-42}, publisher = {Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies}, url = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-79-en.html}, eprint = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-79-en.pdf}, journal = {Advances in Cognitive Science}, issn = {1561-4174}, eissn = {2783-073x}, year = {2010} } @article{ author = {Piri, Morteza and Nasehi, Mohammad and Shahin, Maryam-ol-Sadat and Zarrindast, Mohammad Rez}, title = {Effects of WIN55,212-2 in the Dorsal Hippocampus on Scopolamine State-Dependent Memory}, abstract ={Objective: To assess the effects of the cannabinoid receptor agonist, WIN55, 212-2 on scopolamine induced state-dependent memory. Method: The step-down passive avoidance paradigm was used in the present study, which is an accepted model to examine long-term memory in mice. Results: Post-training intra-CA1 administration of scopolamine (2 and 4 µg/mouse) decreased the memory retrieval. Pre-test scopolamine administration restored the retrieval to the control level in the test day. This phenomenon is known as scopolamine state-dependent memory. Administration of WIN55, 212-2 (1 µg/mouse, intra-CA1) 5 min before test by itself decreased the memory retrieval. On the other hand, the animals in which memory retrieval was impaired due to scopolamine (2 µg/mouse) post-training administration, pre-test administration of WIN55, 212-2 (1 µg/mouse, intra-CA1) 24 hr after training on the day of the test restored memory. Moreover, pre-test co-administration of non-effective dose of scopolamine with ineffective dose of WIN55, 212-2 increased the restoration of memory by scopolamine. Conclusion: These results suggest that cannabinoid receptors of the dorsal hippocampal CA1 regions may play an important role in scopolamine-induced amnesia and scopolamine state-dependent memory.}, Keywords = {Scopolamine, WIN55, 212-2, State-Dependent Memory, Passive Avoidance Task, Mouse }, volume = {12}, Number = {1}, pages = {43-51}, publisher = {Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies}, url = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-80-en.html}, eprint = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-80-en.pdf}, journal = {Advances in Cognitive Science}, issn = {1561-4174}, eissn = {2783-073x}, year = {2010} } @article{ author = {Saheban, Fateme and Amiri, Shole and Kajbaf, Mohamad Bagher and Abedi, Ahm}, title = {The Efficacy of Short-Term Executive Functions Training on the Reduction of Symptoms of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity of Elementary Boy Students in Esfahan Metropolitan Area}, abstract ={Objective: The aim of investigation was to examine the The efficacy of executive functions training on the decrease of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Method: 40, elementary students (10 students in attention deficit group, 10 students in hyperactive group, 10 students in attention deficit control group, 10 students in hyperactive control group) with attention deficit hyperactive disorder utilizing a random selection sampling. The instrument included DSM-IV ADHD Symptom on the ADHD Checklist. Result: The efficacy of training on the symptoms of attention deficit and hyperactivity student is significant. Conclusion: executive functions training along with other treatment can be affective in decreasing the symptoms of attention deficit and hyperactivity.}, Keywords = {Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Executive Function, Inhibition}, volume = {12}, Number = {1}, pages = {52-58}, publisher = {Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies}, url = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-81-en.html}, eprint = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-81-en.pdf}, journal = {Advances in Cognitive Science}, issn = {1561-4174}, eissn = {2783-073x}, year = {2010} } @article{ author = {Fata, Ladan and Noie, Zahra and AsgharnezhadFarid, Aliasghar and Ashoori, Ahm}, title = {Comparison of Early Maladaptive Schemas and Their Parental Origins in OCD Patients and Non-Clinical Individuals}, abstract ={Objective: To compare “Early Maladaptive Schemas” and their parental origins in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and non-clinical sample. Method: The present research is a post-hoc (causal-comparative) cross-sectional study that was carried out on a sample of 45 subjects (including 15 patients with OCD and 15 patients with OCPD and 15 non-clinical individuals) who were selected using convenience sampling. The subjects were assessed using Young Maladaptive Schema Questionnaire and Young Parenting Inventory. Data were analyzed using MANOVA and descriptive statistics. Results: The study demonstrated significant differences among OCD and the non-clinical sample in all schemas. The group with OCPD had significant differences with the non-clinical group in most schemas except for dedication, defeat and emotional deprivation. The two clinical groups (OCD and OCPD) had significant difference only in emotional deprivation. In parental origins, the difference between OCD and non-clinical groups was higher than that of the OCPD and non-clinical groups. The two clinical groups were also different based on emotional deprivation, handicap/shame, neglect/instability and suspicion/bad behavior in parental origins. Conclusion: In total, results showed significant difference among clinical groups and the non-clinical sample in early maladaptive schemas. The results of the current study also suggest that the two clinical groups are similar in deep cognitive constructs. Therefore, the current study supports relationship between these disorders (OCD and OCPD).}, Keywords = {Early Maladaptive Schemas, Parental Origins, Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder}, volume = {12}, Number = {1}, pages = {59-69}, publisher = {Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies}, url = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-84-en.html}, eprint = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-84-en.pdf}, journal = {Advances in Cognitive Science}, issn = {1561-4174}, eissn = {2783-073x}, year = {2010} } @article{ author = {Aghamolaie, Maryam and Jafari, Zahra and Tahaie, Ali Akbar and Toufan, Reyhaneh and Keyhani, Mohammad Rez}, title = {The Effect of Gender on the Results of the Persian Version of Dichotic Auditory-Verbal Memory Test}, abstract ={Objective: The dichotic auditory-verbal memory test (DAVMT) is one of the tests available to assess the function of auditory-verbal memory. The purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of gender on the results of the Farsi version of this test. Method: In this cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study, the Farsi version of DAVMT was administered to 110 (55 female and 55 male) right-handed young individuals with the mean age of 21.3±1.7 years (ranging from eighteen to twenty-five), and the scores of the two groups were compared in independent samples using t-test. In addition, the ability to recall words as a function of their position in the list was compared between males and females using multivariate ANOVA.  Results: The mean score of "DAVMT" was 6.73±1.0 in females and 6.30±0.98 in males. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference between the scores of the two groups in DAVMT (P=0.025). Analysis of serial effect showed no significant difference between males and females in the recall of words from the primacy and recency regions of the list (primacy, p=0.188; recency, P=0.551). However, the ability to recall words from the middle portion of the list was significantly different between the two groups (P=0.005). Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, the Persian version of "DAVMT" indicates difference in memory function between the two genders, which is in line with the findings of most studies on this type of memory. }, Keywords = {Dichotic Test, Auditory-Verbal Memory, Short Term Memory, Gender}, volume = {12}, Number = {1}, pages = {70-76}, publisher = {Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies}, url = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-85-en.html}, eprint = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-85-en.pdf}, journal = {Advances in Cognitive Science}, issn = {1561-4174}, eissn = {2783-073x}, year = {2010} } @article{ author = {Hosseini, Abed and Khalizadeh, Mohammad Ali and Homam, Mehran and Azarnoosh, Mahdi}, title = {A Cognitive and Computational Model of Brain Activity during Emotional Stress}, abstract ={Objective: Stress and emotion play significant roles in the quality of human life; therefore, the presentation of a suitable model of them is useful in understanding these mental states. Method: Behavioral and Emotional activities are associated with the limbic system. Therefore, we will first describe parts of the brain which are important in emotional reactions, including the cortex, thalamus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, locus coeruleus, hippocampus and hypothalamus. Thereafter, we will describe a general cognitive map for this brain state. This cognitive map exhibits the basic role of neuronal and hormonal systems in processing emotional stress. Results: By describing the necessary relations and characteristics, a computational model was executed in simulink Matlab toolbox, and different experiments were carried out in order to determine the validity of the model. Conclusion: Results showed that during emotional stress, the orbitofrontal cortex reduces the stress and prevents it from continuing. Also, the computational model could describe brain function in emotional stress; therefore, it can be used in larger models as a subsystem.}, Keywords = {Emotional Stress, Limbic System, Descriptive Model, Computational Model, Cognitive Map}, volume = {12}, Number = {2}, pages = {1-14}, publisher = {Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies}, url = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-89-en.html}, eprint = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-89-en.pdf}, journal = {Advances in Cognitive Science}, issn = {1561-4174}, eissn = {2783-073x}, year = {2010} } @article{ author = {Ekhtiari, Hamed and Dezfoli, Amir and Karamati, Mohammad Mehdi and Safaie, Houman and Looks, Karo and Mokri, Azarakhsh}, title = {Analysis of Behavior of Drug Addicts in Lowa Gambling Task Using Reinforcement Learning Model}, abstract ={Objective: The aim of this study was to assess decision making disorders in opioid dependents in riskful situations, using cognitive modeling. Method: First, the decision making process of participants (treatment-seeking dependents and the normal group) was evaluated using the Farsi version of Iowa gambling task; and then the data were analyzed using cognitive modeling. Different models of decision making in riskful situations in the gambling task were designed based on reinforcement learning and gambling task circumstances. In the next step, the models were simulated in gambling task environment and were separately fitted on the data of both groups. Thereafter, the model with higher correspondence with the subject behavior in each group was determined. Results: Both the group of treatment-seeking dependents (n=127) and the control group (n=130) showed a weak performance in the task (pure scores lower than 10). In addition, the performance of the dependent group was weaker than that of the normal group (p<0.07). Modeling results indicated that the optimum model in both groups was the model that was focused only on the frequency of reward and punishment (not on their size), in the assessment of different choices. Sensitivity revealing method revealed that the optimum model for the dependent group, in addition to merely focusing on the frequency of reward and punishment, is affected by harm-avoidance more than the control group. Conclusion: The above-mentioned results indicate that the reason for the low scores obtained in both groups, is ignoring the size of reward and punishment and focusing on their frequency. Moreover, the reason for the lower output in the dependent group in comparison with the control group is a lack of balance between harm avoidance and reward dependence and a bias toward harm avoidance. The mentioned bias toward harm avoidance could be associated with the specific circumstances of treatment seeking drug dependents. }, Keywords = {Reinforcement Learning, Gambling Task, Drug Dependence, Computational Modeling, Decision Making Process}, volume = {12}, Number = {2}, pages = {15-28}, publisher = {Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies}, url = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-90-en.html}, eprint = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-90-en.pdf}, journal = {Advances in Cognitive Science}, issn = {1561-4174}, eissn = {2783-073x}, year = {2010} } @article{ author = {KarimiAliabad, Tamjik and Kafi, Mosa and Farrahi, Has}, title = {Study of Executive Functions in Bipolar Disorders Patients}, abstract ={Objective: In this research, executive functions of bipolar patients and the effect of chronicity on them were investigated. Method: In an ex post facto research, 99 participants were selected via simple nonrandom or convenience sampling, and were divided into three groups: chronic bipolar patients (n=33), first episode bipolar patients (n=33), and healthy controls (n=33). Subjects were evaluated using Color-Word Stroop, Wisconsin card sorting, Continuous Performance, and Digit Span sub scale tests. Results: The results of one way analysis of variance indicated the significant presence of deficits in bipolar groups compared to the normal group; however there was no significant difference between chronic and first episode patients. Conclusion: Results indicated the lack of effect of chronicity on executive functions in bipolar patients. }, Keywords = {Bipolar Disorder, Executive Function, Chronicity}, volume = {12}, Number = {2}, pages = {29-39}, publisher = {Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies}, url = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-104-en.html}, eprint = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-104-en.pdf}, journal = {Advances in Cognitive Science}, issn = {1561-4174}, eissn = {2783-073x}, year = {2010} } @article{ author = {Bakhshi, Ali and Joshanloo, Mohsen and Daemi, Fatim}, title = {Examination of the Predictors of Hedonic Balance in Iranian University Students}, abstract ={Objective:  To investigate the predictors of life satisfaction in a sample of Iranian students. Method: 236 students (175 females and 61 males) participated in this study. All subjects completed self-esteem, Big Five Inventory, perceived social support and positive and negative affect scales. Data were analyzed using multivariate regression and hierarchical regression analysis. Results: The results of the present study showed that among major personality traits neuroticism, extraversion and conscientiousness could significantly predict hedonic balance among students. In addition, results of hierarchical regression indicated that self-esteem could predict hedonic balance beyond the big five factors of personality, while perceived social support failed to do so. Conclusion:  Big Five personality traits and self-esteem are significant predictors of hedonic balance in Iran, like in many other countries.}, Keywords = {Hedonic Balance, Self-Esteem, Big Five Personality Traits, Perceived Social Support}, volume = {12}, Number = {2}, pages = {40-48}, publisher = {Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies}, url = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-105-en.html}, eprint = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-105-en.pdf}, journal = {Advances in Cognitive Science}, issn = {1561-4174}, eissn = {2783-073x}, year = {2010} } @article{ author = {Mohammadzadeh, Ali}, title = {The Relationship between Schizotypal Traits and the Five-factor Model of Personality}, abstract ={Objective: Various abnormal behaviour patterns can be conceptualized as extremes in the five personality traits present in normal people. Among clinical personality disorders, schizotypal personality is least accounted for by the five-factor model. The aim of the present study is to explore the associations of the schizotypal personality with the five factor model of personality in Iran. Method: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study and was conducted in an experimental research context. A group of 319 normal participants were randomly selected, and answered to schizotypal personality (STA) and Big Five Inventory (BFI) scales. Data were analyzed using multivariate regression analysis. Results: Results indicated that schizotypal personality has positive correlation with neuroticism and negative correlation with extraversion. Regression analysis based on the present results indicated that even though conscientiousness and agreeableness are not by themselves related to schizotypy, they need to be added to neuroticism and extraversion for its development. Neuroticism, in males, and extraversion, in females had more power in prediction of schizotypal traits, compared to other personality traits. Conclusion: Results were discussed in light of previous research findings with clinical samples, including schizotypal personality disorder and schizophrenia. The role of gender should be emphasized in the relation between schizotypal traits and schizophrenia. }, Keywords = {Schizotypy, Trait, Five-Factor Model, Personality, Nonclinical Sample}, volume = {12}, Number = {2}, pages = {49-58}, publisher = {Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies}, url = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-106-en.html}, eprint = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-106-en.pdf}, journal = {Advances in Cognitive Science}, issn = {1561-4174}, eissn = {2783-073x}, year = {2010} } @article{ author = {Salehzadeh, Maryam and Kalantari, Mehrdad and Molavi, Hossein and Ebrahimi, Amrollah}, title = {Effectiveness of Cognitive–Behavioral Group Therapy on Depression in Intractable Epileptic Patients (with Focusing on Dysfunctional Attitudes in Epilepsy)}, abstract ={Objective: Depression is the most prevalent co-morbid disorder in epilepsy and determines the highest variance in quality of life scores of patients with epilepsy. Cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) is the most effective psychotherapy method for treatment of depression. The purpose of this project was to determine the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy on the depression of intractable epileptic patients in Isfahan; while focusing on dysfunctional attitudes related to epilepsy. Method: 20 patients with chronic, poorly controlled seizures and mild to moderate clinical depression were randomly assigned to one experimental (N=10) and one control (N=10) group. Eight weekly sessions of CBT with focus on cognitive restructuring, modification of cognitive distortions and training of behavioral techniques was administered to the experimental group. Hamilton scale for depression (HRSD) was used as the pre-test and post- test for both two groups. Results: Data analysis showed a significant post-test decrease in depression scores in the experimental group. Conclusion: Cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) with focus on dysfunctional attitudes related to epilepsy, is remarkably effective as a complementary therapy in reduction of co-morbid depression in epileptic patients.}, Keywords = {Depression, Psychotherapy, Cognitive–Behavior Therapy, Epilepsy}, volume = {12}, Number = {2}, pages = {59-68}, publisher = {Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies}, url = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-108-en.html}, eprint = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-108-en.pdf}, journal = {Advances in Cognitive Science}, issn = {1561-4174}, eissn = {2783-073x}, year = {2010} } @article{ author = {Ekhtiari, Hamed and Alam-Mehrjerdi, Zahra and Hassani-Abharian, Peman and Nouri, Mehri and Farnam, Robert and Mokri, Azerakhsh}, title = {Examination and Evaluation of Craving-Inductive Verbal Cues among Persian-Speaking Methamphetamine Abusers}, abstract ={Objective: Drug craving is the main core feature of drug use and relapse. Methamphetamine is a common stimulant in Iran which evokes severe craving in cue exposure. The major aim of the present study is to design and develop a tool for the measurement of craving induced by verbal cues in methamphetamine abusers.  Method: In the first step, 15 abusers identified 133 words that induced craving in them. In the next steps the words were divided into seven clusters (drugs, related items, instruments, places, performances, moods, and individuals), and were then incorporated into a Likert scale questionnaire along with 16 neutral words. The questionnaires were administered to 30 participants who were randomly selected from INCAS clinic based on DSM-IV-TR criteria for methamphetamine dependency. Demographics and methamphetamine abuse profiles were obtained based on ASI-Lite; and the inductive power of the words were evaluated subsequently. Finally, the data were analyzed using SPSS-16 using descriptive statistical methods. Results: The results indicated that the words; methamphetamine, drug, substance, money, glass tube, wallet, pipe, lighter, foil, place of drug purchase, bachelor flat, room of drug use, visiting friends, family argument, sexual arousal, craving, anger, depression, co-abuser, fellow-user and methamphetamine dealer were cues with the highest degree of induction. The list of words was thus prepared. Thereafter, in order to assess attentional bias and drug craving, 24 verbal cues were divided into four six-word groups and were introduced along with two neutral groups for administering in addiction Stroop task and the computer program for assessing attentional bias. Conclusion: Ecologically validated drug craving assessment tasks not only provide research potentials in this field, but can also be used in the design and execution of psychological interventions for “relapse prevention”. In this study, a series of these cues and their potentials were introduced and evaluated. }, Keywords = {Methamphetamine, Drug Craving, Inductive Words, Verbal Cues}, volume = {12}, Number = {2}, pages = {69-82}, publisher = {Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies}, url = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-109-en.html}, eprint = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-109-en.pdf}, journal = {Advances in Cognitive Science}, issn = {1561-4174}, eissn = {2783-073x}, year = {2010} } @article{ author = {Nouri, Ali and Mehrmohammadi, Mahmou}, title = {Critical Explanation of the Place of Neuroscience in the Field of Educational Knowledge and Practice}, abstract ={Rapid development of neuroimaging techniques in recent years has provided excellent opportunity for researchers in better understanding the structure and function of the human brain. In light of these advanced technologies, findings of brain researchers have resulted a wave of new insights about thinking, emotion, motivation, learning and development, which have in turn influenced existing explanations about educational issues. Therefore, many neuroscientists and educators claim that establishing a link between neuroscience and education could play a major implementations in the improvement of knowledge, policy and practice in education. Valid educational applications and implementations from neuroscience finding also support this claim. Nevertheless, some critics believe that there is only a limited relationship between neural functions and educational practice; and the gap between neuroscience and education is so far that establishing a direct link between them is impossible, and that disciplines such as “cognitive psychology” and “cognitive neuroscience” should be used as mediators to establish this link. However, from the educational viewpoint, educational science as an applied science naturally tends to benefit from neuroscience as well as other descriptive sciences (e.g. psychology and sociology). This will be possible through the extraction of educational principles from neuroscientific foundation of education. Therefore, establishing a link between these two fields is both possible and necessary. Integrating “educational philosophy", "educational sociology" and "educational psychology" with “educational neuroscience” can help the improvement of knowledge, policy and practice of education. However, the most important principle that required serious consideration is the cautious and prudent in interpretation and applying of brain research findings in educational contexts. To this end, a basis for constructive cooperation and interaction between neuroscientists and educational researchers should be provided; and the integration of cognitive neuroscience and educational neuroscience should be incorporated into the curricula of educational science and teacher education.  }, Keywords = {Education and Neurosciences, Brain Compatible Education, Neuro-scientific Foundations of Education}, volume = {12}, Number = {2}, pages = {83-100}, publisher = {Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies}, url = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-110-en.html}, eprint = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-110-en.pdf}, journal = {Advances in Cognitive Science}, issn = {1561-4174}, eissn = {2783-073x}, year = {2010} } @article{ author = {Ziaei, Maryam and Pouretemad, Hamid Reza and Togha, Mansure}, title = {Moral Judgments among Patients with Right Prefrontal Cortex Lesion}, abstract ={Objective: Brain areas related to moral judgment have been assessed in the field of ethics; and the causative role between brain damage and moral judgment has been assessed in the field of neuropsychology. However, the role of prefrontal cortex in morality has not been described. The aim of the present study is to examine damage in right prefrontal cortex (rPFC) and its effects on moral judgments. Method: Six patients with damage to rPFC and six normal individuals (matched by sex and age) participated in this study. The patients had encephalomalacia due to injury or tumor resection. The precise location of the damage was determined using MRI and based on Brodmann’s brain map. Subjects responded to moral dilemmas which had been translated for the first time in Iran. After the pilot study, the dilemmas were administered using the computer. Results: The patient and the normal group did not differ in the response time to dilemmas. Also, regarding the context of responses, even though the patient group had given less positive answers the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: It seems that damage to right prefrontal cortex, especially the frontopolar cortex does not affect personal and impersonal moral judgments. }, Keywords = {Right Prefrontal Cortex (rPFC), Frontopolar Cortex, Encephalomalacia, Moral Judgment, Personal/ Impersonal Dilemmas.}, volume = {12}, Number = {3}, pages = {1-8}, publisher = {Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies}, url = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-118-en.html}, eprint = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-118-en.pdf}, journal = {Advances in Cognitive Science}, issn = {1561-4174}, eissn = {2783-073x}, year = {2010} } @article{ author = {Pouladi, Farzane and Hatami, Javad and Oghabian, Mohammad Ali and ZadehMohammadi, Ali}, title = {Investigation the Neurological Processing of Rhythm in Persian Dastgah Music Using Neuroimaging Techniques}, abstract ={Objective: The investigation of rhythm processing in Iranian “Dastgah” music using fMRI. Method: 12 right handed musicians with the age range of 20-30 years listened to rhythmic and non-rhythmic pieces of Mahour Dastgah in a random order, and their brain activation was measured. Results: Pieces of rhythmic and non-rhythmic Mahour activated specific parts of the brain. The regions most activated during non-rhythmic Mahour pieces included right middle frontal gyrus, right planum temporal, and right superior temporal gyrus. Also, rhythmic Mahour pieces activated left Amygdala, left frontal pole, left orbitofrontal cortex, left middle temporal gyrus, and left primary motor cortex. Conclusion:  Based on the findings of the present study, it could be concluded that laterality plays an important role in the appreciation of rhythm. The data can be also interpreted based on the hierarchical model, meaning that music possessing a higher level of complex factors such as rhythm, is processed in higher levels of the brain.}, Keywords = {Persian Dastgah Music, Rhythm, brain, fMRI}, volume = {12}, Number = {3}, pages = {9-18}, publisher = {Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies}, url = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-119-en.html}, eprint = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-119-en.pdf}, journal = {Advances in Cognitive Science}, issn = {1561-4174}, eissn = {2783-073x}, year = {2010} } @article{ author = {Tavakoli, Saman and Sharifi, Vandad and Taj, Mahshid and Mohammadi, Mohammad Rez}, title = {Stigma of Depression and Its Relationship with Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Help Among Students}, abstract ={Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the attitude towards professional help seeking and its association with stigma for depressive disorders in a specific group of Iranian youth. Method: Students from four different faculties of Tehran University and Tehran University of Medical Sciences entered in this cross-sectional study. Level of Familiarity with Mental Illness Questionnaire, Attribution Questionnaire-27, and Attitudes toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale were administered to the subjects. Based on the results of the mentioned tests, the relationship of attitude toward seeking professional help with different cognitive, emotional and behavioral factors of stigmatizing individuals with depressive disorder was assessed. Results: 407 students participated in this study. The highest level of familiarity with psychiatric disorders was observed in individual whose acquaintance with psychiatric disorders was through seeing movies depicting mentally disordered characters (30.7%). In comparison with women, men significantly considered depressive disorder patients as dangerous, and tended to believe that these patients should be isolated from the society. Women had a significantly higher positive attitude toward seeking professional help for the treatment of depression. There was a positive correlation between positive attitude towards seeking professional help and three dimensions of stigmatization: pity, inclination towards assistance and coercion. Conclusion: Three cognitive, emotional and behavioural factors of stigmatization towards patients with depressive disorder (i.e. pity, inclination towards assistance and coercion) are associated with more positive attitudes toward seeking treatment.  A more comprehensive assessment of this relationship as well as discovering possible mediating factors could help to develop more effective strategies for removing stigmas and reducing obstacles of treatment seeking.}, Keywords = {Stigma, Treatment Seeking, Depression}, volume = {12}, Number = {3}, pages = {19-33}, publisher = {Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies}, url = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-120-en.html}, eprint = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-120-en.pdf}, journal = {Advances in Cognitive Science}, issn = {1561-4174}, eissn = {2783-073x}, year = {2010} } @article{ author = {Abedini, Yasamin and Bagherian, Reza and Kadkhodaie, Mahbobeh Sadat}, title = {The Relation among Motivational Beliefs, Cognitive and Metacognitive Strategies and Academic Achievement: Testing of Alternative Models}, abstract ={Objective: The purpose of the present study was to assess the relationship between motivational beliefs (self-efficacy, learning control, and test anxiety), cognitive and metacognitive strategies (critical thinking, metacognitive self- regulation, time and environment management and peer help seeking), and academic achievement in third grade high school female students of humanities, using causal model. Method: Multistage sampling was used in order to select the sample group. To this end, 250 students were selected from among third grade female high school students in Tehran in the educational year 1388-89. In order to assess all research variables, the motivational strategies for learning questionnaire was used. In this study the average of students’ scores in five specific subjects, was considered as their index of academic achievement. Data were analyzed using confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis and structural equations model; and for the assessment of causal relationships among research variables, two cognitive models were tested and compared. Results: Results indicated a better goodness of fit for the second model. In this model, self-efficacy and beliefs of control were considered as exogenous variables and critical thinking, cognitive self- regulation, time and environment management, peer help seeking and academic achievement were considered as endogenous variables. Nevertheless, both models indicated the presence of significant causal relationships between motivational beliefs, cognitive and metacognitive strategies and academic achievement. Conclusion: More successful students took advantage of a greater number of cognitive and metacognitive strategies, had a lower level of test anxiety, and therefore, showed greater academic achievement. }, Keywords = {Motivational Beliefs, Cognitive And Metacognitive Strategies, High School Female Students, Alternative Models}, volume = {12}, Number = {3}, pages = {34-48}, publisher = {Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies}, url = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-121-en.html}, eprint = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-121-en.pdf}, journal = {Advances in Cognitive Science}, issn = {1561-4174}, eissn = {2783-073x}, year = {2010} } @article{ author = {Ourang, Tahereh and AzadFallah, Parviz and Dezhkam, Mahmou}, title = {The Study of Defense Mechanisms Pattern Regarding Creative Thinking Level}, abstract ={Objective:  In this study, in order to develop a more thorough understanding of personality characteristics of creative people, the quantity and quality of defence mechanisms and their defensive style was studied. Method: 258 female Master’s and PhD students in Tarbiat Modares University were selected via convenience sampling, and completed Abedi Creative Thinking Questionnaire. Thereafter, two groups of 30 subjects with the highest and lowest scores in the questionnaire were chosen as experimental groups to be compared. Defensive Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40) was used to analyze defensive styles and mechanisms. Finally, the data were analyzed using t-test for the independent groups. Results: The results indicated that individuals with high or lower creative thinking showed no difference regarding the general use of defence mechanisms. Also, the findings showed that individuals with more creative thought and those with less creative thought make use of more mature defence style and less mature defence mechanisms respectively. In general the main defence characteristics of individuals with more creative thought in comparison with individuals with less creative thought is their frequent use of more mature defence mechanisms such as sublimation, humour and anticipation, and immature mechanisms such as rationalisation, dissociation and denial; however, the main defence characteristics of individuals with less creative thought was the frequent use of immature defence mechanisms such as projection, acting out, splitting, passive aggressive behaviour, fantasy, displacement and somatisation. Conclusion: The findings of the present study once again emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between two domains of creativity. In addition, in line with findings of previous studies, the results indicate that creative individuals are distinguished from individuals with less creativity due to their creative defensive styles. }, Keywords = {Creative Thinking, Defense Mechanism, Creative Defensive Style}, volume = {12}, Number = {3}, pages = {49-58}, publisher = {Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies}, url = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-122-en.html}, eprint = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-122-en.pdf}, journal = {Advances in Cognitive Science}, issn = {1561-4174}, eissn = {2783-073x}, year = {2010} } @article{ author = {Salehi, Javad and Mohammadi, Noorollah and Onagh, Amir}, title = {The Role of Using Kinesthetic Schemas in Analogical Problem Solving}, abstract ={Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the kind of source problem processing on construction and transfer of the solution schema to the target problem in an analogical problem – solving situation. Method: For this purpose, using an experimental “post-test multiple group” a sample of 90 male undergraduate students of Zanjan University were first divided into three groups: verbal, theatrical, and painting. The participants all read the story of “General and Dictator” and recreated the story through their specific methods. Subsequently the members of the three groups attempted to solve the problem of the ray and the tumor, whose necessary schema was embedded in the primary story. Results: Results show that prior to indicating a structural similarity between the story of the general and the ray problem, the participants who had acted out the story, were more successful in solving the problem in comparison with participants who had recreated the story verbally or through drawing. This is despite the lack of difference between the three groups with regard to the quality of recalling the story of the general, and the fact that the quantitative difference was even worse in the acting group.  Conclusion: Since the successful solving of the target problem in this study, required a kinesthetic schema, and as the possibility of forming these schemas is higher during executing active behavior (acting) in comparison with other situations, the participants in the acting group performed better than their counterparts in other groups. In general, results indicate that for a successful transfer of principles from resource to target, the richness of the formed schemas is not sufficient. To solve the target problem, the formed schema should be of the same source with the required schema.}, Keywords = {Analogical Problem Solving, Perception, Kinesthetic Schema, Representation}, volume = {12}, Number = {3}, pages = {59-72}, publisher = {Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies}, url = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-123-en.html}, eprint = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-123-en.pdf}, journal = {Advances in Cognitive Science}, issn = {1561-4174}, eissn = {2783-073x}, year = {2010} } @article{ author = {Ghassemi, Farnaz and Moradi, Mohammad Hassan and Tehrani-Doost, Mehdi and Abootalebi, Vahid and KhorramiBanaraki, Anahita and Mohammadian, Ami}, title = {Relations between Levels of Sustained Attention and Event-Related-Potentials}, abstract ={Objective: Since the direct measurement of attention via brain signals is significantly effective in eliminating excessive interfaces and has special importance for researchers, this study investigated the relations between visual sustained attention and Event Related Potentials (ERPs) using morphological features. Method: Continuous Performance Test (CPT) was used to measure sustained attention. Signals were recorded using 32-channel Walter device with 19-channel electrode cap. Extracted epochs which were time-locked to stimuli onset in each group were averaged to calculate the ERPs. Four hundred morphological features in ERPs of different electrodes were computed in 51 subjects and Pearson correlation was calculated between these features and the result of the CPT. Results: The P3 peak on target stimuli (X) was clearly observed in comparison with non-target stimuli. Calculated correlations indicated that thirty three of these features had significant relation with the level of sustained attention. Conclusion: Based on the oddball paradigm, the resulted qualitative findings were in line with previous research with regard to P3 production. Most characteristics with significant relation with results of CPT, were related to the voltage of relative event dependent potentials (correctly responded X relative to non-X). In general, CPT results showed appropriate relation with brain signal parameters in many areas, which could be used for the assessment of level of sustained attention. }, Keywords = {Continuous Performance Test, Event Related Potential, Sustained Attention, Morphological Features}, volume = {12}, Number = {3}, pages = {73-81}, publisher = {Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies}, url = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-124-en.html}, eprint = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-124-en.pdf}, journal = {Advances in Cognitive Science}, issn = {1561-4174}, eissn = {2783-073x}, year = {2010} } @article{ author = {Dehghan, Faezeh and Behnia, Fatemeh and Amiri, Nasrin and Pishyareh, Ebrahim and Safarkhani, Maryam}, title = {The Effectiveness of Using Perceptual-Motor Practices on Behavioral Disorder among Five to Eight Year Old Children with Attention Deficit Hyper Activity Disorder}, abstract ={Objective: The present study investigates the effectiveness of using perceptual-motor skills on the decrease in behavioral disorders of five to eight year old children with ADHD. Method: In this quasi-experimental study, 26 five to eight year old children with ADHD referred to four occupational therapy centers were randomly divided into an experimental and a control group. Research instruments included Parents Rating Scale (CPRS-48), Child behavior check list (CBCL), Bruninks – Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOMT). After the intervention, which included a six week perceptual-motor practice, mothers were asked to fill out the behavioral checklists again. BOMT was used for post-intervention assessment. Results: At the end of the intervention period all motor component scores (gross movments , fine movements, upper limb speed and dexterity and total score) showed significant improvement. Behavioral disorders (anxiety, social problems, attention problems, aggressive behaviors and others) also showed . In addition, children in the control group showed significant improvement in fine movement and BOMT total score, as well as a decrease in aggressive behaviors and anxiety. Conclusion: The improvement of motor skills in children in this study appears to have resulted in a feeling of competency as well as daily activities and academic situations. More success, less failure, and finally more positive evaluations led to a decrease in aggression, anxiety and other behavioral problems in general among the children in this study. }, Keywords = {Perceptual-Motor Skills, Behavioral Disorders, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder}, volume = {12}, Number = {3}, pages = {82-96}, publisher = {Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies}, url = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-125-en.html}, eprint = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-125-en.pdf}, journal = {Advances in Cognitive Science}, issn = {1561-4174}, eissn = {2783-073x}, year = {2010} } @article{ author = {Golparvar, Mohsen and Vaseghi, Zahr}, title = {Attribution Moderator of Relationship between Belief in a Just World with Female Students’ Aggressive Reaction}, abstract ={Objective: This research was conducted with the purpose of studying the moderating role of attribution in relation between belief in a just world with aggressive reaction among female students. Method: Research statistical population were the female students of an art school in Esfahan city (360 persons). Among them as a research sample group, 180 persons were selected using simple random sampling and then randomly assigned to three situations: hostile, benign and ambiguous (each group 60 persons) attribution. Students’ attribution of each group has manipulated on the basis of three situationary scenarios. Research instruments including: belief in a just world for self scale (8 items), belief in a just world for others scale (with 8 items), troublemaking (with 3 items), aggressive reaction (with 2 items) and social desirability questionnaire (with 6 items). For entering situation variable (hostile, benign and ambiguous attribution) in data analysis, contrast coding has been used. Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and moderated hierarchical regression analysis. Results: Results from moderated hierarchical regression analysis showed that situational attributaion variable (hostile=1, benign=-1, and ambiguous=0) and trouble making (high and low) have moderating power in relations between belief in a just world for self and others with aggressive reaction. Conclusion: Evidences from separate regression analysis for low and high troublemaking on the basis of three situation, that is hostile, benign and ambiguous situations, revealed that in high troublemaking and hostile group there are positive relations between belief in a just world for self and others with aggressive reaction, but in low troublemaking and in two groups of benign and ambiguous situations, there are negative relations between belief in just word with aggressive reaction. }, Keywords = {Attribution, Trublemaking, Belief In A Just Word, Aggressive Reaction}, volume = {12}, Number = {4}, pages = {1-12}, publisher = {Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies}, url = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-172-en.html}, eprint = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-172-en.pdf}, journal = {Advances in Cognitive Science}, issn = {1561-4174}, eissn = {2783-073x}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {Abedi, Ahm}, title = {Investigation of Effectiveness of Neuropsychological Interventions for Improving Academic Performance of Children with Mathematics Learning Disabilitie}, abstract ={Objective: The aim of the current research was to investigation of efficacy of neuropsychological interventions for improving academic performance of children with mathematics learning disabilities. Method: For this purpose, 30 third grade elementary students with math learning disabilities that were selected using multistage random cluster sampling (each group consist of 15 children). The instrument of this research included neuropsychological test of NEPSY, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Cildren (WISC), Keymath test, math academic performance test and Clinical Interview the design was experimental and neuropsychological interventions was performed in experimental group. Data was analyzed by analysis of Covariance. Conclusions: Findings indicate that neuropsychological interventions can improve academic performance of children with mathematics learning disabilities.}, Keywords = {Mathematics Learning Disabilities, Neuropsychological Interventions, Academic Performance}, volume = {12}, Number = {4}, pages = {13-24}, publisher = {Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies}, url = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-173-en.html}, eprint = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-173-en.pdf}, journal = {Advances in Cognitive Science}, issn = {1561-4174}, eissn = {2783-073x}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {ZiatabarAhmadi, Zohreh and AraniKashani, Zohreh and MahmoodiBakhtiari, Behrooz and Keyhani, Mohammad Rez}, title = {Study of the Ability of First Phoneme Identify of Words and Nonwords in Normal 5-6 Year-old Persian-speaking Children}, abstract ={Objective: In this study, the ability of identify of first phoneme words and nonwords and other variables were analyzed  in 5 to 6 year-old Persian- speaking children in Tehran. Methods: This study was descriptive-analytic. 100 normal and 5-6 year-old Persian-speaking children (50 girls and 50 boys) were compared. The tasks were included 24 words and nonwords in first situation. The validity and reliability of tasks were computed by CVI, ICC, SEM and the comparisons of words and nonwords and other variables were computed by paired sample t-test and the comparisons between girls and boys were studied by independent sample t-test. Results: The results showed that these sections had appropriate validity and reliability. Scores mean of fricative and voiceless consonants and target phoneme in first syllable of words were significantly more than stop and voiced consonants and target phoneme in second syllable words (p<0.05). Scores mean of first phonemes of words and nonwords was significantly different (p<0.05). Also, the mean scores of girls and boys were not statistically different (p=0.78). Conclusions: There are many variables that influence on the ability of first phoneme identifies of words. The identify of first phoneme of words was easier than those of nonwords. Although, scores mean of girls was more than those of boys, but this different was not significant.  These tasks are good measures for assessment of identify of first phonemes of words and nonwords in children. }, Keywords = {Phonological Awareness, Children, Phoneme Identification, Persian Language, Word And Nonword}, volume = {12}, Number = {4}, pages = {25-35}, publisher = {Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies}, url = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-174-en.html}, eprint = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-174-en.pdf}, journal = {Advances in Cognitive Science}, issn = {1561-4174}, eissn = {2783-073x}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {Naghsh, Zahra and GhaziTababaee, Mohmood and AliTarkhan, Rez}, title = {Structural Model of the Relationship Between Self-efficacy Perceived Instrumentality and Academic Achievement: Investigating the Mediating Role of Self-regulating Learning}, abstract ={Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of self-efficacy and perceived instrumentality on academic achievement through the mediation of self-regulating learning. Method: For this reason, 400 eleventh students (200 male, 200 female) were chosen randomly and completed a questionnaire which consists 3 sub scales. Results: The structural modeling analysis indicated that self-efficacy and perceived instrumentality had a direct and significant impact on academic achievement, and the result indicated that relationship between self-efficacy and perceived instrumentality was mediated by self-regulating learning. Conclusion: In this model, all regression weights were statistically significant and predictors explained %54 variance of academic achievement. In general, the results indicated the direct and indirect impact of self-efficacy and perceived instrumentality (through mediation of self-regulating learning) on academic achievement.}, Keywords = {Self-Efficacy, Perceived Instrumentality, Self-Regulating Learning And Structural Equation Modeling}, volume = {12}, Number = {4}, pages = {36-44}, publisher = {Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies}, url = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-178-en.html}, eprint = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-178-en.pdf}, journal = {Advances in Cognitive Science}, issn = {1561-4174}, eissn = {2783-073x}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {Sharreh, Hossein and Gharaie, Banafsheh and AatefVahid, Mohammad Kazem}, title = {Comparison of Metacognitive Therapy, Fluvoxamine and Combined treatment in Improving Metacognitive Beliefs and Subjective Distress of Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder}, abstract ={Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of metacognitive therapy (MCT) compare to fluvoxamine and the combination of MCT with fluvoxamine in improving metacognitive beliefs and subjective distress in treating patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Method: In an experimental study, 21 OCD outpatients were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions: MCT, fluvoxamine and combined treatment group. All the patients received 10 weeks of treatment. Two questionnaires were administered at pre-treatment and post-treatment: Subjective Units of Distress (SUD) and Metacognitions Questionnaire-Short Form (MCQ-30). Results: Results showed that unlike the fluvoxamine the MCT and combined treatment lead to significant improvements in positive beliefs about worry, negative beliefs about worry, need for thought control, cognitive confidence and subjective distress (P<.01). There were no significant differences between MCT and combined therapy (all Ps>0.05). Conclusion: MCT and the combination of MCT with fluvoxamine are more effective than fluvoxamine in improving metacognitive beliefs and subjective distress in treating OCD.}, Keywords = {Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Metacognitive Therapy, Fluvoxamine, Combined Treatment, Metacognitive Beliefs, Subjective Distress}, volume = {12}, Number = {4}, pages = {45-59}, publisher = {Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies}, url = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-180-en.html}, eprint = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-180-en.pdf}, journal = {Advances in Cognitive Science}, issn = {1561-4174}, eissn = {2783-073x}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {Salarifar, Mohammad Hosein and Mazaheri, Mohammad Ali}, title = {The Relationship of Metacognition and Metaphor with Self-regulation}, abstract ={Objective: The aim of this research was to examine the relationship of metacognition and metaphor with students self–regulation. Method: In this correlation a study, first 150 students were chosen with cluster sampling method and completed three Questionnaires: The O'NELL & ABEDI Metacognitive State, The Pintrich & De Groot Self–Regulation and The Osgood Semantic Differential Questionnaire. One way multivariate analysis of variance and multiple regression were used in order to analyze 139 students' data (64 male, 75 female). Results: Results indicated that there is a positive relationship between metacognition and metaphor with self-regulation. Metacognition and metaphor can predicted 64% of self–regulation variance. In addition the difference between the tow and the six regions students in metacognition and metaphor was significant and the six region students had better state than The tow region students in this variables. Conclusion: Results in this study, like orther researches, show that self–regulation is related to metacognition and metaphor. Then metacognitive components training can be effective in student's metaphors and self–regulation. }, Keywords = {Metacognition, Self-Metaphor, Life-Metaphor, Self–Regulation}, volume = {12}, Number = {4}, pages = {60-68}, publisher = {Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies}, url = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-181-en.html}, eprint = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-181-en.pdf}, journal = {Advances in Cognitive Science}, issn = {1561-4174}, eissn = {2783-073x}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {HashemiNosratAbad, Touraj and MahmoudAlilou, Majid and Ne'matiSougiTapeh, Fatemeh and GholamRostami, Hossein Ali}, title = {Comparison of self-regulation of Emotional and Motivational Executive Functions in Subtypes of Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder Based on Barkley\'s Model}, abstract ={Objective: Comparison of self-regulation of emotional and motivational executive functions in subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder based on Barkley's model. Method: In this ex post facto research, 50 male students with ADHD (ages 9 to 11) were selected using Child Symptom Inventory-4 (SCI-4), clinical interview and Raven's Intelligence Test. The subjects were assigned to two groups of ADHD-PHI (predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type) and ADHA-PI (predominantly inattentive type) with 25 subjects in each group. The subjects were then assessed by Bender-Gestalt Test, Discriminative Reaction Time Test, and researcher-made tasks. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance. Results: There was a significant difference between two groups in behavioral inhibition (P=0.001) and self-regulation of emotion and motivation (P=0.001 and P=0.01). In other words, the students with ADHA-PI had a better performance in behavioral inhibition and self-regulation of emotion and motivation in comparison with the group with ADHD-PHI. Conclusion: In general, findings suggest that both groups can be differentiated based on etiological factors. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that due to a primary deficit in behavioral inhibition in ADHD-PHI, this group had more difficulties and deficiencies on executive functions than the group with ADHD-PI. Therefore, Barkley's model of ADHD was confirmed.}, Keywords = {Barkley's Model, ADHD-PHI, ADHD-PI, Behavioral Inhibition, Self-Regulating Of Emotion And Motivation}, volume = {12}, Number = {4}, pages = {67-77}, publisher = {Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies}, url = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-183-en.html}, eprint = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-183-en.pdf}, journal = {Advances in Cognitive Science}, issn = {1561-4174}, eissn = {2783-073x}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {Shams, Giti and Sadeghi, Maji}, title = {Characteristics of Unwanted Intrusive Thoughts in Clinical and Nonclinical Population}, abstract ={Recently several clinical and social psychologists, in line with their empirical and objective researches, have stepped toward determining the role of "content" of various thoughts and its relation with "conscious awareness". They also interested on importance of thought strategies, perceptions and the way of individual interpretation on behavior and emotion. Intense negative and unwanted intrusive thoughts may occur in conscious awareness of normal individuals which ultimately can develop negative moods, however these types of intrusive thoughts, which at times may even seems unpleasant, are usually rare, controllable and easily can substitute by positive thoughts. Generally, these intrusive thoughts are common in normal population. At present, one of the most important issues in psychiatric disorders literature (depression, insomnia, generalized anxiety disorders, obsessive compulsive disorders, eating habits, psychoses and sexual behaviors) is study on similarities between content of these thoughts and conscious awareness in clinical and non clinical population. Considering the role of negative cognition issues as a key and pathogenic factor in psychiatric disorders ,the aim of this review is to describe the recent developments on the role of thoughts and conscious awareness in clinical and non clinical population. Therefore this review may also lead us to identify content of the unwanted intrusive thought as well as mechanism of its development in clinical population.}, Keywords = {Intrusive Thoughts, Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive Compulsive Disorders}, volume = {12}, Number = {4}, pages = {78-89}, publisher = {Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies}, url = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-182-en.html}, eprint = {http://icssjournal.ir/article-1-182-en.pdf}, journal = {Advances in Cognitive Science}, issn = {1561-4174}, eissn = {2783-073x}, year = {2011} }